Pupil Pod en 2024 Bryn Mawr Communications LLC See one. Do one. Teach one. A case-based podcast hosted by Sila Bal, MD, MPH, featuring all stages of the journey through ophthalmology, from first year residents to the leading experts. Learning by sharing.  https://megaphone.imgix.net/podcasts/29a3cd5a-db2e-11eb-9d2b-93b9428d2761/image/pupil-pod_cover-art.jpg?ixlib=rails-4.3.1&max-w=3000&max-h=3000&fit=crop&auto=format,compress Pupil Pod no episodic Eyetube See one. Do one. Teach one. A case-based podcast hosted by Sila Bal, MD, MPH, featuring all stages of the journey through ophthalmology, from first year residents to the leading experts. Learning by sharing.  See one. Do one. Teach one.

A case-based podcast hosted by Sila Bal, MD, MPH, featuring all stages of the journey through ophthalmology, from first year residents to the leading experts. Learning by sharing. 

]]> Bryn Mawr Communications (BMC) analytics@bmctoday.com Case Review: Uveitic Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma Erick Rivera Grana, MD, meets with host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 34-year-old woman who experienced blurred vision and mild discomfort in her right eye with an IOP of 38 mm Hg. The patient also presented with conjunctival injection and posterior synechiae. Dr. Rivera Grana describes his diagnostic approach to this case and explains the management of uveitic ocular hypertension and uveitic glaucoma. Mon, 06 Apr 2026 13:24:00 -0000 full Eyetube Erick Rivera Grana, MD, meets with host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 34-year-old woman who experienced blurred vision and mild discomfort in her right eye with an IOP of 38 mm Hg. The patient also presented with conjunctival injection and posterior synechiae. Dr. Rivera Grana describes his diagnostic approach to this case and explains the management of uveitic ocular hypertension and uveitic glaucoma. Erick Rivera Grana, MD, meets with host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 34-year-old woman who experienced blurred vision and mild discomfort in her right eye with an IOP of 38 mm Hg. The patient also presented with conjunctival injection and posterior synechiae. Dr. Rivera Grana describes his diagnostic approach to this case and explains the management of uveitic ocular hypertension and uveitic glaucoma.

]]> 2329 Case Review: Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Neuro-ophthalmologist Amanda Redfern, MD, joins host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case in which a 70-year-old woman experienced intermittent visual disturbances and headaches. Examination revealed a relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc inflammation. Dr. Redfern explains her initial diagnosis of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) and outlines the typical demographics of patients who present with AAION. Thu, 19 Feb 2026 19:15:00 -0000 full Eyetube Neuro-ophthalmologist Amanda Redfern, MD, joins host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case in which a 70-year-old woman experienced intermittent visual disturbances and headaches. Examination revealed a relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc inflammation. Dr. Redfern explains her initial diagnosis of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) and outlines the typical demographics of patients who present with AAION. Neuro-ophthalmologist Amanda Redfern, MD, joins host Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case in which a 70-year-old woman experienced intermittent visual disturbances and headaches. Examination revealed a relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc inflammation. Dr. Redfern explains her initial diagnosis of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) and outlines the typical demographics of patients who present with AAION.

]]> 1570 Case Review: Pars Planitis Ogul Uner, MD, is joined by vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist Akshay Thomas, MD, for a comprehensive, case-based discussion on intermediate uveitis and pars planitis. In this case of a young patient presenting with floaters and blurred vision, Dr. Thomas breaks down how to distinguish intermediate uveitis from pars planitis and recognize key exam findings. The conversation highlights the critical role of widefield imaging, OCT, and fluorescein angiography, as well as a thoughtful approach to systemic workup. Tue, 20 Jan 2026 19:06:00 -0000 full Eyetube Ogul Uner, MD, is joined by vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist Akshay Thomas, MD, for a comprehensive, case-based discussion on intermediate uveitis and pars planitis. In this case of a young patient presenting with floaters and blurred vision, Dr. Thomas breaks down how to distinguish intermediate uveitis from pars planitis and recognize key exam findings. The conversation highlights the critical role of widefield imaging, OCT, and fluorescein angiography, as well as a thoughtful approach to systemic workup. Ogul Uner, MD, is joined by vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist Akshay Thomas, MD, for a comprehensive, case-based discussion on intermediate uveitis and pars planitis. In this case of a young patient presenting with floaters and blurred vision, Dr. Thomas breaks down how to distinguish intermediate uveitis from pars planitis and recognize key exam findings. The conversation highlights the critical role of widefield imaging, OCT, and fluorescein angiography, as well as a thoughtful approach to systemic workup.

]]> 1864 Case Review: Pediatric Glaucoma Diagnosis Ogul Uner, MD, invites Ta Chen Peter Chang, MD, a pediatric glaucoma specialist, to review a case of a 9-month-old boy who presented with significant photophobia in both eyes. Examination showed IOP of 32 mm Hg in the right eye and 29 mm Hg in the left eye with moderate optic nerve cupping in both eyes. Dr. Chang shares what additional information he would look for to make a diagnosis of pediatric glaucoma. He also shares insights from the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network, a consortium of glaucoma specialists that has developed a consensus of diagnostic criteria.  Mon, 10 Nov 2025 18:55:00 -0000 full Eyetube Ogul Uner, MD, invites Ta Chen Peter Chang, MD, a pediatric glaucoma specialist, to review a case of a 9-month-old boy who presented with significant photophobia in both eyes. Examination showed IOP of 32 mm Hg in the right eye and 29 mm Hg in the left eye with moderate optic nerve cupping in both eyes. Dr. Chang shares what additional information he would look for to make a diagnosis of pediatric glaucoma. He also shares insights from the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network, a consortium of glaucoma specialists that has developed a consensus of diagnostic criteria.  Ogul Uner, MD, invites Ta Chen Peter Chang, MD, a pediatric glaucoma specialist, to review a case of a 9-month-old boy who presented with significant photophobia in both eyes. Examination showed IOP of 32 mm Hg in the right eye and 29 mm Hg in the left eye with moderate optic nerve cupping in both eyes. Dr. Chang shares what additional information he would look for to make a diagnosis of pediatric glaucoma. He also shares insights from the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network, a consortium of glaucoma specialists that has developed a consensus of diagnostic criteria. 

]]> 2125 Case Review: Acute Anterior Uveitis Kareem Moussa, MD, speaks with Ogul Uner, MD, about a case in which a 30-year-old man presented with pain, redness, and photophobia in his right eye for 3 days. The patient reports that the pain was sudden, worsening, and similar to a previous instance 1 year prior in his left eye that had been treated with drops. Dr. Moussa explains the information he would need to determine a diagnosis and recommend treatment for this patient. He emphasizes the importance of considering potential systemic conditions that can cause eye inflammation and shares the clinical findings of anterior uveitis, its treatments, and potential risks. Tue, 28 Oct 2025 13:49:00 -0000 full Eyetube Kareem Moussa, MD, speaks with Ogul Uner, MD, about a case in which a 30-year-old man presented with pain, redness, and photophobia in his right eye for 3 days. The patient reports that the pain was sudden, worsening, and similar to a previous instance 1 year prior in his left eye that had been treated with drops. Dr. Moussa explains the information he would need to determine a diagnosis and recommend treatment for this patient. He emphasizes the importance of considering potential systemic conditions that can cause eye inflammation and shares the clinical findings of anterior uveitis, its treatments, and potential risks. Kareem Moussa, MD, speaks with Ogul Uner, MD, about a case in which a 30-year-old man presented with pain, redness, and photophobia in his right eye for 3 days. The patient reports that the pain was sudden, worsening, and similar to a previous instance 1 year prior in his left eye that had been treated with drops. Dr. Moussa explains the information he would need to determine a diagnosis and recommend treatment for this patient. He emphasizes the importance of considering potential systemic conditions that can cause eye inflammation and shares the clinical findings of anterior uveitis, its treatments, and potential risks.

]]> 1775 Astigmatism Management During Cataract Surgery In this episode, instead of reviewing just one case, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Neda Shamie, MD, to share her insights into challenging cases of astigmatism management during cataract surgery. Dr. Shamie explains how modern patients have higher expectations for optimized refractive outcomes and reviews her preferred techniques for astigmatism management in these cases. They discuss limbal relaxing incisions, arcuate incisions, and toric IOLs, and when to consider each approach based on the severity of astigmatism. Tue, 09 Sep 2025 12:02:00 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, instead of reviewing just one case, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Neda Shamie, MD, to share her insights into challenging cases of astigmatism management during cataract surgery. Dr. Shamie explains how modern patients have higher expectations for optimized refractive outcomes and reviews her preferred techniques for astigmatism management in these cases. They discuss limbal relaxing incisions, arcuate incisions, and toric IOLs, and when to consider each approach based on the severity of astigmatism. In this episode, instead of reviewing just one case, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Neda Shamie, MD, to share her insights into challenging cases of astigmatism management during cataract surgery. Dr. Shamie explains how modern patients have higher expectations for optimized refractive outcomes and reviews her preferred techniques for astigmatism management in these cases. They discuss limbal relaxing incisions, arcuate incisions, and toric IOLs, and when to consider each approach based on the severity of astigmatism.

]]> 1999 Case Review: Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis In this episode, John Chen, MD, PhD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to share his experience in neuro-ophthalmology. In the case discussed, a 32-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and pain in her right eye for 1 week, and examination revealed a rapid afferent pupillary defect. The patient also mentioned she had experienced numbness in her right arm 1 year ago. Dr. Chen explains why he would suspect retrobulbar optic neuritis in this case, and what his next steps would be to confirm that diagnosis and treat the patient. Mon, 11 Aug 2025 15:03:00 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, John Chen, MD, PhD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to share his experience in neuro-ophthalmology. In the case discussed, a 32-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and pain in her right eye for 1 week, and examination revealed a rapid afferent pupillary defect. The patient also mentioned she had experienced numbness in her right arm 1 year ago. Dr. Chen explains why he would suspect retrobulbar optic neuritis in this case, and what his next steps would be to confirm that diagnosis and treat the patient. In this episode, John Chen, MD, PhD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to share his experience in neuro-ophthalmology. In the case discussed, a 32-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and pain in her right eye for 1 week, and examination revealed a rapid afferent pupillary defect. The patient also mentioned she had experienced numbness in her right arm 1 year ago. Dr. Chen explains why he would suspect retrobulbar optic neuritis in this case, and what his next steps would be to confirm that diagnosis and treat the patient.

]]> 2093 Case Review: Diagnosing Neovascular AMD Katherine Talcott, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The patient now presented with wavy lines in her vision in the right eye, and dilated exam showed several large drusen in both eyes with no retinal hemorrhages. OCT of the right macula showed fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments with retinal pigment epithelium and fluid. Dr. Talcott describes her initial thoughts about the case and the additional information she would look for to make a diagnosis of neovascular AMD. She also discusses her management approach for patients with wet AMD. Mon, 30 Jun 2025 21:08:00 -0000 full Eyetube Katherine Talcott, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The patient now presented with wavy lines in her vision in the right eye, and dilated exam showed several large drusen in both eyes with no retinal hemorrhages. OCT of the right macula showed fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments with retinal pigment epithelium and fluid. Dr. Talcott describes her initial thoughts about the case and the additional information she would look for to make a diagnosis of neovascular AMD. She also discusses her management approach for patients with wet AMD. Katherine Talcott, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The patient now presented with wavy lines in her vision in the right eye, and dilated exam showed several large drusen in both eyes with no retinal hemorrhages. OCT of the right macula showed fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments with retinal pigment epithelium and fluid. Dr. Talcott describes her initial thoughts about the case and the additional information she would look for to make a diagnosis of neovascular AMD. She also discusses her management approach for patients with wet AMD.

]]> 1830 Case Review: White Dot Syndromes (Part 1) Jordan Deaner, MD, vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist at Wills Eye Hospital, talks to Ogul Uner, MD, about white dot syndromes, a group of inflammatory chorioretinopathies. In the discussed case, a 35-year-old woman presented with photopsias in both eyes, and dilated examination showed 1+ vitreous cells and gray-white lesions in both eyes. Dr. Deaner explains what additional questions he would ask about this patient’s history and how he would start to build a differential diagnosis. Drs. Uner and Deaner further discuss the typical presentations of white dot syndromes, including acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and others. Fri, 06 Jun 2025 17:29:00 -0000 full Eyetube Jordan Deaner, MD, vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist at Wills Eye Hospital, talks to Ogul Uner, MD, about white dot syndromes, a group of inflammatory chorioretinopathies. In the discussed case, a 35-year-old woman presented with photopsias in both eyes, and dilated examination showed 1+ vitreous cells and gray-white lesions in both eyes. Dr. Deaner explains what additional questions he would ask about this patient’s history and how he would start to build a differential diagnosis. Drs. Uner and Deaner further discuss the typical presentations of white dot syndromes, including acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and others. Jordan Deaner, MD, vitreoretinal surgeon and uveitis specialist at Wills Eye Hospital, talks to Ogul Uner, MD, about white dot syndromes, a group of inflammatory chorioretinopathies. In the discussed case, a 35-year-old woman presented with photopsias in both eyes, and dilated examination showed 1+ vitreous cells and gray-white lesions in both eyes. Dr. Deaner explains what additional questions he would ask about this patient’s history and how he would start to build a differential diagnosis. Drs. Uner and Deaner further discuss the typical presentations of white dot syndromes, including acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and others.

]]> 1586 Case Review: Dermatochalasis, Periorbital Rhytids, and Mid-Face Volume Loss Julie Woodward, MD, oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for facial aesthetics and rejuvenation. In the case discussed, a 62-year-old woman presented with complaints of looking tired and was interested in rejuvenation options. Examination revealed mild dermatochalasis, periorbital rhytids, mid-face volume loss, and jowling. Dr. Woodward shares insights into determining the most appropriate treatment approach for patients like this.  Fri, 09 May 2025 17:07:00 -0000 full Eyetube Julie Woodward, MD, oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for facial aesthetics and rejuvenation. In the case discussed, a 62-year-old woman presented with complaints of looking tired and was interested in rejuvenation options. Examination revealed mild dermatochalasis, periorbital rhytids, mid-face volume loss, and jowling. Dr. Woodward shares insights into determining the most appropriate treatment approach for patients like this.  Julie Woodward, MD, oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for facial aesthetics and rejuvenation. In the case discussed, a 62-year-old woman presented with complaints of looking tired and was interested in rejuvenation options. Examination revealed mild dermatochalasis, periorbital rhytids, mid-face volume loss, and jowling. Dr. Woodward shares insights into determining the most appropriate treatment approach for patients like this. 

]]> 1368 Case Review: SICS for Bilateral Dense Cataracts Jeff Pettey, MD, MBA, joins the podcast to review a case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with blurred vision. She had nuclear sclerosis with uniform brunescence in her right eye, an intumescent white cataract in her left eye, and poor red reflex in both eyes. Dr. Pettey reviews this patient’s options for cataract removal and explains the indications and key steps of small-incision cataract surgery (SICS).  Tue, 01 Apr 2025 16:09:00 -0000 full Eyetube Jeff Pettey, MD, MBA, joins the podcast to review a case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with blurred vision. She had nuclear sclerosis with uniform brunescence in her right eye, an intumescent white cataract in her left eye, and poor red reflex in both eyes. Dr. Pettey reviews this patient’s options for cataract removal and explains the indications and key steps of small-incision cataract surgery (SICS).  Jeff Pettey, MD, MBA, joins the podcast to review a case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with blurred vision. She had nuclear sclerosis with uniform brunescence in her right eye, an intumescent white cataract in her left eye, and poor red reflex in both eyes. Dr. Pettey reviews this patient’s options for cataract removal and explains the indications and key steps of small-incision cataract surgery (SICS). 

]]> 2200 Case Review: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Ogul Uner, MD, invites Scott Oliver, MD, to the podcast to review a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with new flashes, floaters, and blurriness in his inferior field of vision in his right eye. The patient is a high myope with a relative afferent pupillary defect and pigmented cells in the anterior vitreous, with OCT imaging showing a macula-off retinal detachment. Dr. Oliver shares his approach to this case, reviews risk factors for retinal detachments, and shares insights into treatment. Fri, 07 Mar 2025 20:42:00 -0000 full Eyetube Ogul Uner, MD, invites Scott Oliver, MD, to the podcast to review a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with new flashes, floaters, and blurriness in his inferior field of vision in his right eye. The patient is a high myope with a relative afferent pupillary defect and pigmented cells in the anterior vitreous, with OCT imaging showing a macula-off retinal detachment. Dr. Oliver shares his approach to this case, reviews risk factors for retinal detachments, and shares insights into treatment. Ogul Uner, MD, invites Scott Oliver, MD, to the podcast to review a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with new flashes, floaters, and blurriness in his inferior field of vision in his right eye. The patient is a high myope with a relative afferent pupillary defect and pigmented cells in the anterior vitreous, with OCT imaging showing a macula-off retinal detachment. Dr. Oliver shares his approach to this case, reviews risk factors for retinal detachments, and shares insights into treatment.

]]> 1752 Case Review: Pigment Dispersion Syndrome In this episode, Kingsley Okafor, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with intermittent visual changes, pain, and halos in his left eye. On examination, the patient had an IOP of 19 mm Hg, mild myopia, pigment on the corneal endothelium, and midperipheral transillumination iris defects in both eyes. Dr. Okafor reviews findings for pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and risk factors for developing pigmentary glaucoma. Tue, 18 Feb 2025 18:31:00 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, Kingsley Okafor, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with intermittent visual changes, pain, and halos in his left eye. On examination, the patient had an IOP of 19 mm Hg, mild myopia, pigment on the corneal endothelium, and midperipheral transillumination iris defects in both eyes. Dr. Okafor reviews findings for pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and risk factors for developing pigmentary glaucoma. In this episode, Kingsley Okafor, MD, joins Ogul Uner, MD, to review a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with intermittent visual changes, pain, and halos in his left eye. On examination, the patient had an IOP of 19 mm Hg, mild myopia, pigment on the corneal endothelium, and midperipheral transillumination iris defects in both eyes. Dr. Okafor reviews findings for pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and risk factors for developing pigmentary glaucoma.

]]> 1346 Case Review: Suspected Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Cohost Ogul Uner, MD, invites the original host of the podcast, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). The patient is a 55-year-old woman with a recent treatment of ibuprofen and doxycycline for cellulitis on her left foot. She was referred to Dr. Bal due to a concern for SJS. Dr. Bal outlines how patients with SJS typically present and describes her diagnosis and treatment approach in these cases.  Tue, 28 Jan 2025 21:12:00 -0000 full Eyetube Cohost Ogul Uner, MD, invites the original host of the podcast, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). The patient is a 55-year-old woman with a recent treatment of ibuprofen and doxycycline for cellulitis on her left foot. She was referred to Dr. Bal due to a concern for SJS. Dr. Bal outlines how patients with SJS typically present and describes her diagnosis and treatment approach in these cases.  Cohost Ogul Uner, MD, invites the original host of the podcast, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). The patient is a 55-year-old woman with a recent treatment of ibuprofen and doxycycline for cellulitis on her left foot. She was referred to Dr. Bal due to a concern for SJS. Dr. Bal outlines how patients with SJS typically present and describes her diagnosis and treatment approach in these cases. 

]]> 1585 Case Review: Hemifacial Spasm In this case, a 55-year-old man presented with an uncontrollable spasm on the right side of his face. Sila Bal, MD, invites oculofacial surgeon Julie Woodward, MD, to explain how she would approach the examination of this patient, describing the questions she would ask to obtain a detailed family and medical history and determine if the condition is a hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, or myokymia. She shares insights into distinguishing each condition and outlines diagnostic and treatment approaches. Fri, 06 Dec 2024 21:32:16 -0000 full Eyetube In this case, a 55-year-old man presented with an uncontrollable spasm on the right side of his face. Sila Bal, MD, invites oculofacial surgeon Julie Woodward, MD, to explain how she would approach the examination of this patient, describing the questions she would ask to obtain a detailed family and medical history and determine if the condition is a hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, or myokymia. She shares insights into distinguishing each condition and outlines diagnostic and treatment approaches. In this case, a 55-year-old man presented with an uncontrollable spasm on the right side of his face. Sila Bal, MD, invites oculofacial surgeon Julie Woodward, MD, to explain how she would approach the examination of this patient, describing the questions she would ask to obtain a detailed family and medical history and determine if the condition is a hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, or myokymia. She shares insights into distinguishing each condition and outlines diagnostic and treatment approaches.

]]> 1452 Case Review: Diagnosing Proliferative and Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Vivienne Hau, MD, PhD, to review a case of a 56-year-old man with a history of ocular hypertension and type 2 diabetes who presented with mild nuclear sclerotic cataracts and a decrease in vision in both eyes. Dilated examination showed tortuous renal vasculature, scattered hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates in both eyes. Dr. Hau describes these clinical findings and explains next steps for diagnosing and treating this patient. Wed, 20 Nov 2024 19:59:22 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Vivienne Hau, MD, PhD, to review a case of a 56-year-old man with a history of ocular hypertension and type 2 diabetes who presented with mild nuclear sclerotic cataracts and a decrease in vision in both eyes. Dilated examination showed tortuous renal vasculature, scattered hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates in both eyes. Dr. Hau describes these clinical findings and explains next steps for diagnosing and treating this patient. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Vivienne Hau, MD, PhD, to review a case of a 56-year-old man with a history of ocular hypertension and type 2 diabetes who presented with mild nuclear sclerotic cataracts and a decrease in vision in both eyes. Dilated examination showed tortuous renal vasculature, scattered hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates in both eyes. Dr. Hau describes these clinical findings and explains next steps for diagnosing and treating this patient.

]]> 2124 Case Review: Addressing Poor Medication Compliance With Interventional Glaucoma Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites I. Paul Singh, MD, to discuss a recent case in which a 72-year-old pseudophakic patient with open-angle glaucoma inquired about alternatives to topical treatments due to compliance issues. Dr. Singh reviews the benefits of more interventional treatment options such as selective laser trabeculoplasty and drug delivery platforms and explains how he counsels patients about these options. Fri, 08 Nov 2024 21:35:03 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites I. Paul Singh, MD, to discuss a recent case in which a 72-year-old pseudophakic patient with open-angle glaucoma inquired about alternatives to topical treatments due to compliance issues. Dr. Singh reviews the benefits of more interventional treatment options such as selective laser trabeculoplasty and drug delivery platforms and explains how he counsels patients about these options. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites I. Paul Singh, MD, to discuss a recent case in which a 72-year-old pseudophakic patient with open-angle glaucoma inquired about alternatives to topical treatments due to compliance issues. Dr. Singh reviews the benefits of more interventional treatment options such as selective laser trabeculoplasty and drug delivery platforms and explains how he counsels patients about these options.

]]> 1707 Case Review: Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Aleksandra Rachitskaya, MD, FASRS, reviews a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes who presented with changes to the macula. On dilated exam, small macular drusen was observed in both eyes. Dr. Rachitskaya discusses the additional questions she would consider to better understand the patient’s risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), geographic atrophy, and more. Mon, 07 Oct 2024 19:35:01 -0000 full Eyetube Aleksandra Rachitskaya, MD, FASRS, reviews a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes who presented with changes to the macula. On dilated exam, small macular drusen was observed in both eyes. Dr. Rachitskaya discusses the additional questions she would consider to better understand the patient’s risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), geographic atrophy, and more. Aleksandra Rachitskaya, MD, FASRS, reviews a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes who presented with changes to the macula. On dilated exam, small macular drusen was observed in both eyes. Dr. Rachitskaya discusses the additional questions she would consider to better understand the patient’s risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), geographic atrophy, and more.

]]> 1954 Case Review: Elevated IOP and Disc Thinning Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Rachel Simpson, MD, to review a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with elevated intraocular pressure with inferior and superior disc thinning. The patient had not undergone an eye examination in 10 years and experienced no other visual symptoms. Dr. Simpson reviews how she would proceed after these findings, describing the questions she would ask regarding family history of glaucoma and potential next steps towards treatment.  Tue, 24 Sep 2024 18:22:03 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Rachel Simpson, MD, to review a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with elevated intraocular pressure with inferior and superior disc thinning. The patient had not undergone an eye examination in 10 years and experienced no other visual symptoms. Dr. Simpson reviews how she would proceed after these findings, describing the questions she would ask regarding family history of glaucoma and potential next steps towards treatment.  Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites Rachel Simpson, MD, to review a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with elevated intraocular pressure with inferior and superior disc thinning. The patient had not undergone an eye examination in 10 years and experienced no other visual symptoms. Dr. Simpson reviews how she would proceed after these findings, describing the questions she would ask regarding family history of glaucoma and potential next steps towards treatment. 

]]> 1995 Case Review: The Six Ps of Orbital History Sarah A. Avila, MD, an oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with worsening redness and swelling of his left eyelid over 3 days. He had normal findings on dilated examination with full extraocular motility. Dr. Avila reviews her approach to these cases, describes important orbital exam findings and considerations, and highlights the ‘six Ps’ of orbital history: pain, proptosis, progression, palpitation, pulsation, and periocular changes. Fri, 30 Aug 2024 14:21:54 -0000 full Eyetube Sarah A. Avila, MD, an oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with worsening redness and swelling of his left eyelid over 3 days. He had normal findings on dilated examination with full extraocular motility. Dr. Avila reviews her approach to these cases, describes important orbital exam findings and considerations, and highlights the ‘six Ps’ of orbital history: pain, proptosis, progression, palpitation, pulsation, and periocular changes. Sarah A. Avila, MD, an oculoplastic and orbital surgeon, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with worsening redness and swelling of his left eyelid over 3 days. He had normal findings on dilated examination with full extraocular motility. Dr. Avila reviews her approach to these cases, describes important orbital exam findings and considerations, and highlights the ‘six Ps’ of orbital history: pain, proptosis, progression, palpitation, pulsation, and periocular changes.

]]> 1616 no Case Review: Interstitial Keratitis William Trattler, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with pain and decreased vision in her right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival injection and a unifocal area of stromal haze with no epithelial defects. Dr. Trattler explains further diagnostic strategies for this case to help determine the best treatment. He also reviews approaches to suppress inflammation in different forms of keratitis. Fri, 02 Aug 2024 20:07:42 -0000 full Eyetube William Trattler, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with pain and decreased vision in her right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival injection and a unifocal area of stromal haze with no epithelial defects. Dr. Trattler explains further diagnostic strategies for this case to help determine the best treatment. He also reviews approaches to suppress inflammation in different forms of keratitis. William Trattler, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with pain and decreased vision in her right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival injection and a unifocal area of stromal haze with no epithelial defects. Dr. Trattler explains further diagnostic strategies for this case to help determine the best treatment. He also reviews approaches to suppress inflammation in different forms of keratitis.

]]> 1956 Case Review: Chronic Bilateral Conjunctivitis Beeran Meghpara, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case in which a 16-year-old boy with a scaly rash on his elbows also presented with a 1 month history of photophobia and mucoid discharge in both eyes. Dr. Meghpara explains how he would approach a patient with this history, what questions to ask, and what diagnoses he would consider. Drs. Bal and Meghpara discuss further examination findings and relevant treatment approaches. Mon, 08 Jul 2024 14:29:43 -0000 full Eyetube Beeran Meghpara, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case in which a 16-year-old boy with a scaly rash on his elbows also presented with a 1 month history of photophobia and mucoid discharge in both eyes. Dr. Meghpara explains how he would approach a patient with this history, what questions to ask, and what diagnoses he would consider. Drs. Bal and Meghpara discuss further examination findings and relevant treatment approaches. Beeran Meghpara, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case in which a 16-year-old boy with a scaly rash on his elbows also presented with a 1 month history of photophobia and mucoid discharge in both eyes. Dr. Meghpara explains how he would approach a patient with this history, what questions to ask, and what diagnoses he would consider. Drs. Bal and Meghpara discuss further examination findings and relevant treatment approaches.

]]> 1536 Case Review: Retinal Artery Occlusions Caroline Baumal, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 53-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presented with sudden painless loss of vision in his left eye. Dr. Baumal explains that a dilated exam revealed the retina had an opaque appearance with a cherry red spot, causing her to suspect central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Listen to gain insights into additional risk factors, pathophysiology, and how to approach patients with presumed CRAO. Thu, 27 Jun 2024 15:40:03 -0000 full Eyetube Caroline Baumal, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 53-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presented with sudden painless loss of vision in his left eye. Dr. Baumal explains that a dilated exam revealed the retina had an opaque appearance with a cherry red spot, causing her to suspect central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Listen to gain insights into additional risk factors, pathophysiology, and how to approach patients with presumed CRAO. Caroline Baumal, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 53-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presented with sudden painless loss of vision in his left eye. Dr. Baumal explains that a dilated exam revealed the retina had an opaque appearance with a cherry red spot, causing her to suspect central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Listen to gain insights into additional risk factors, pathophysiology, and how to approach patients with presumed CRAO.

]]> 1437 Case Review: Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Andrea Tooley, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 33-year-old woman who presented with sudden onset periorbital pain and edema on her left side. On examination, vision was 20/20 with normal IOP and extraocular movements. Dr. Tooley walks through important orbital examination findings that physicians should evaluate in every patient with an orbital concern. Listen to gain insights into the approach to idiopathic orbital inflammation and other potentially concerning orbital inflammatory conditions.  Fri, 10 May 2024 19:28:17 -0000 full Eyetube Andrea Tooley, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 33-year-old woman who presented with sudden onset periorbital pain and edema on her left side. On examination, vision was 20/20 with normal IOP and extraocular movements. Dr. Tooley walks through important orbital examination findings that physicians should evaluate in every patient with an orbital concern. Listen to gain insights into the approach to idiopathic orbital inflammation and other potentially concerning orbital inflammatory conditions.  Andrea Tooley, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 33-year-old woman who presented with sudden onset periorbital pain and edema on her left side. On examination, vision was 20/20 with normal IOP and extraocular movements. Dr. Tooley walks through important orbital examination findings that physicians should evaluate in every patient with an orbital concern. Listen to gain insights into the approach to idiopathic orbital inflammation and other potentially concerning orbital inflammatory conditions. 

]]> 1831 Glaucoma Study Review Brian Shafer, MD, and Sila Bal, MD, MPH, discuss important glaucoma studies that guide clinical practice and provide a deep understanding of how to manage patients. They review the Early Manifest Glaucoma Treatment Trial, the Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study, the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, and several others. Listen to gain insights into the benefits, effects, and approaches to lowering IOP. Fri, 26 Apr 2024 16:09:25 -0000 full Eyetube Brian Shafer, MD, and Sila Bal, MD, MPH, discuss important glaucoma studies that guide clinical practice and provide a deep understanding of how to manage patients. They review the Early Manifest Glaucoma Treatment Trial, the Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study, the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, and several others. Listen to gain insights into the benefits, effects, and approaches to lowering IOP. Brian Shafer, MD, and Sila Bal, MD, MPH, discuss important glaucoma studies that guide clinical practice and provide a deep understanding of how to manage patients. They review the Early Manifest Glaucoma Treatment Trial, the Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study, the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, and several others. Listen to gain insights into the benefits, effects, and approaches to lowering IOP.

]]> 1940 Case Review: Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 47-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes presented with a sudden decrease in vision in his left eye. After observing tortuous retinal vasculature and intraretinal hemorrhages on dilated examination, Dr. Finn suspected branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Drs. Bal and Finn further discuss the diagnosis and pathophysiology of BRVO and the most effective forms of treatment. Thu, 07 Mar 2024 15:19:47 -0000 full Eyetube Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 47-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes presented with a sudden decrease in vision in his left eye. After observing tortuous retinal vasculature and intraretinal hemorrhages on dilated examination, Dr. Finn suspected branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Drs. Bal and Finn further discuss the diagnosis and pathophysiology of BRVO and the most effective forms of treatment. Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 47-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type-2 diabetes presented with a sudden decrease in vision in his left eye. After observing tortuous retinal vasculature and intraretinal hemorrhages on dilated examination, Dr. Finn suspected branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Drs. Bal and Finn further discuss the diagnosis and pathophysiology of BRVO and the most effective forms of treatment.

]]> 1310 Case Review: Assessing an Unhappy Refractive Cataract Surgery Patient Nicole R. Fram, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 68-year-old woman who presented as unhappy with her quality of vision 2 months after refractive cataract surgery. Dr. Fram reviews her typical preoperative screening process for refractive cataract patients, focusing on the ocular surface, patient lifestyle, and other diagnostic tools. She also describes how she educates patients preoperatively about their lens selection options. Drs. Bal and Fram further review common potential reasons that a refractive cataract patient might be unhappy with his or her vision, and Dr. Fram shares how she postoperatively assesses and manages these patients to improve outcomes. Fri, 16 Feb 2024 21:41:08 -0000 full Eyetube Nicole R. Fram, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 68-year-old woman who presented as unhappy with her quality of vision 2 months after refractive cataract surgery. Dr. Fram reviews her typical preoperative screening process for refractive cataract patients, focusing on the ocular surface, patient lifestyle, and other diagnostic tools. She also describes how she educates patients preoperatively about their lens selection options. Drs. Bal and Fram further review common potential reasons that a refractive cataract patient might be unhappy with his or her vision, and Dr. Fram shares how she postoperatively assesses and manages these patients to improve outcomes. Nicole R. Fram, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case of a 68-year-old woman who presented as unhappy with her quality of vision 2 months after refractive cataract surgery. Dr. Fram reviews her typical preoperative screening process for refractive cataract patients, focusing on the ocular surface, patient lifestyle, and other diagnostic tools. She also describes how she educates patients preoperatively about their lens selection options. Drs. Bal and Fram further review common potential reasons that a refractive cataract patient might be unhappy with his or her vision, and Dr. Fram shares how she postoperatively assesses and manages these patients to improve outcomes.

]]> 2030 Case Review: Pediatric Ocular Toxoplasmosis In this episode, Ehsan Rahimy, MD, talks to Sila Bal, MD, MPH, about a case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Examination revealed 1+ vitreous cells with a focal area of necrotizing chorioretinitis. Dr. Rahimy outlines his approach to this case and his framework for making a diagnosis. He then explains how to navigate treatment strategies for rare infectious etiologies in the retina. Tue, 12 Dec 2023 16:44:11 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, Ehsan Rahimy, MD, talks to Sila Bal, MD, MPH, about a case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Examination revealed 1+ vitreous cells with a focal area of necrotizing chorioretinitis. Dr. Rahimy outlines his approach to this case and his framework for making a diagnosis. He then explains how to navigate treatment strategies for rare infectious etiologies in the retina. In this episode, Ehsan Rahimy, MD, talks to Sila Bal, MD, MPH, about a case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Examination revealed 1+ vitreous cells with a focal area of necrotizing chorioretinitis. Dr. Rahimy outlines his approach to this case and his framework for making a diagnosis. He then explains how to navigate treatment strategies for rare infectious etiologies in the retina.

]]> 1742 Case Review: Retinopathy of Prematurity Diana Laura, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to share a case in which a 22-week-old gestational infant girl presented to the NICU with respiratory distress and concern about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Dr. Laura explains the screening criteria for ROP in premature infants and reviews the identifying factors for ROP stages 0 through 5. Drs. Bal and Laura also discuss information and findings from multiple studies on ROP management and treatment. Mon, 04 Dec 2023 15:08:50 -0000 full Eyetube Diana Laura, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to share a case in which a 22-week-old gestational infant girl presented to the NICU with respiratory distress and concern about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Dr. Laura explains the screening criteria for ROP in premature infants and reviews the identifying factors for ROP stages 0 through 5. Drs. Bal and Laura also discuss information and findings from multiple studies on ROP management and treatment. Diana Laura, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to share a case in which a 22-week-old gestational infant girl presented to the NICU with respiratory distress and concern about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Dr. Laura explains the screening criteria for ROP in premature infants and reviews the identifying factors for ROP stages 0 through 5. Drs. Bal and Laura also discuss information and findings from multiple studies on ROP management and treatment.

]]> 1408 Case Review: Gradual Decreased Vision After Cataract Surgery In this case review, Lisa K. Feulner, MD, PhD, describes a case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with gradually decreasing vision 3 years after cataract surgery. Host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Dr. Feulner discuss how to approach these patients and review the potential conditions that could influence decreased vision, such as ocular surface disease, glaucoma history, medications, etc. Dr. Feulner explains the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for this specific patient and shares pearls for how to avoid common postoperative complications following cataract surgery. Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:03:05 -0000 full Eyetube In this case review, Lisa K. Feulner, MD, PhD, describes a case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with gradually decreasing vision 3 years after cataract surgery. Host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Dr. Feulner discuss how to approach these patients and review the potential conditions that could influence decreased vision, such as ocular surface disease, glaucoma history, medications, etc. Dr. Feulner explains the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for this specific patient and shares pearls for how to avoid common postoperative complications following cataract surgery. In this case review, Lisa K. Feulner, MD, PhD, describes a case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with gradually decreasing vision 3 years after cataract surgery. Host Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Dr. Feulner discuss how to approach these patients and review the potential conditions that could influence decreased vision, such as ocular surface disease, glaucoma history, medications, etc. Dr. Feulner explains the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for this specific patient and shares pearls for how to avoid common postoperative complications following cataract surgery.

]]> 2076 Case Review: Angle-Closure Glaucoma Sahar Bedrood, MD, PhD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to present a case of a 45-year-old woman who came to the emergency room reporting headache, nausea, blurred vision, and rainbow halos. Upon initial examination the patient’s visual acuity was 20/100 and had an acutely elevated IOP of 51 mm Hg OD. Dr. Bedrood discusses how she initially approached this patient and stresses the value of obtaining a detailed medical history. She outlines her examination and treatment process and shares insight into how she might have managed this patient with earlier intervention. Mon, 16 Oct 2023 16:20:51 -0000 full Eyetube Sahar Bedrood, MD, PhD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to present a case of a 45-year-old woman who came to the emergency room reporting headache, nausea, blurred vision, and rainbow halos. Upon initial examination the patient’s visual acuity was 20/100 and had an acutely elevated IOP of 51 mm Hg OD. Dr. Bedrood discusses how she initially approached this patient and stresses the value of obtaining a detailed medical history. She outlines her examination and treatment process and shares insight into how she might have managed this patient with earlier intervention. Sahar Bedrood, MD, PhD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to present a case of a 45-year-old woman who came to the emergency room reporting headache, nausea, blurred vision, and rainbow halos. Upon initial examination the patient’s visual acuity was 20/100 and had an acutely elevated IOP of 51 mm Hg OD. Dr. Bedrood discusses how she initially approached this patient and stresses the value of obtaining a detailed medical history. She outlines her examination and treatment process and shares insight into how she might have managed this patient with earlier intervention.

]]> 1404 Case Review: Cataract Evaluation With History of Infection and Corneal Scar In this episode, P. Dee G. Stephenson, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of cataract surgery evaluation for a 72-year-old patient with a history of an unknown eye infection, astigmatism, and an anterior stromal scar. Dr. Stephenson outlines her approach to preoperative planning and evaluation for all patients and describes how she counsels them about lens options based on their individual needs. Mon, 18 Sep 2023 20:32:15 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, P. Dee G. Stephenson, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of cataract surgery evaluation for a 72-year-old patient with a history of an unknown eye infection, astigmatism, and an anterior stromal scar. Dr. Stephenson outlines her approach to preoperative planning and evaluation for all patients and describes how she counsels them about lens options based on their individual needs. In this episode, P. Dee G. Stephenson, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of cataract surgery evaluation for a 72-year-old patient with a history of an unknown eye infection, astigmatism, and an anterior stromal scar. Dr. Stephenson outlines her approach to preoperative planning and evaluation for all patients and describes how she counsels them about lens options based on their individual needs.

]]> 1234 Case Review: Evaluation of Patients for ICL Implantation Robert Melendez, MD, MBA, sits down with Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss the case of a 32-year-old woman with a history of high myopia who came to the office for evaluation for refractive surgery. Dr. Melendez discusses which patients make good candidates for the EVO ICL (STAAR Surgical) versus traditional corneal refractive surgery. The two surgeons discuss the preoperative workups required for these cases and how to educate patients about the procedure. Dr. Melendez also shares surgical pearls he has gained from implanting these lenses. Tue, 15 Aug 2023 17:01:49 -0000 full Eyetube Robert Melendez, MD, MBA, sits down with Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss the case of a 32-year-old woman with a history of high myopia who came to the office for evaluation for refractive surgery. Dr. Melendez discusses which patients make good candidates for the EVO ICL (STAAR Surgical) versus traditional corneal refractive surgery. The two surgeons discuss the preoperative workups required for these cases and how to educate patients about the procedure. Dr. Melendez also shares surgical pearls he has gained from implanting these lenses. Robert Melendez, MD, MBA, sits down with Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss the case of a 32-year-old woman with a history of high myopia who came to the office for evaluation for refractive surgery. Dr. Melendez discusses which patients make good candidates for the EVO ICL (STAAR Surgical) versus traditional corneal refractive surgery. The two surgeons discuss the preoperative workups required for these cases and how to educate patients about the procedure. Dr. Melendez also shares surgical pearls he has gained from implanting these lenses.

]]> 1022 Case Review: Infectious Retinitis Jayanth Sridhar, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 32-year-old man presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Upon examination, imaging revealed peripheral whitening of the retina and opacification with areas of hemorrhages. Dr. Sridhar explains his approach in cases of infectious retinitis, outlines treatment strategies, and highlights the importance of working with an infectious disease uveitis specialist. Fri, 14 Jul 2023 16:54:49 -0000 full Eyetube Jayanth Sridhar, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 32-year-old man presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Upon examination, imaging revealed peripheral whitening of the retina and opacification with areas of hemorrhages. Dr. Sridhar explains his approach in cases of infectious retinitis, outlines treatment strategies, and highlights the importance of working with an infectious disease uveitis specialist. Jayanth Sridhar, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to discuss a case in which a 32-year-old man presented with floaters and decreased visual acuity for 2 weeks. Upon examination, imaging revealed peripheral whitening of the retina and opacification with areas of hemorrhages. Dr. Sridhar explains his approach in cases of infectious retinitis, outlines treatment strategies, and highlights the importance of working with an infectious disease uveitis specialist.

]]> 1726 Case Review: Complex Cataract Surgery for a Patient With a History of Refractive Surgery In this episode, Morgan Micheletti, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 65-year-old woman with a history of high myopia and radial keratotomy who presented with pseudoexfoliation, a poorly dilated pupil, and a 3+ nuclear sclerotic cataract. Dr. Micheletti describes how he manages IOL calculations and preoperative assessments for patients with previous refractive surgery and outlines surgical insights in this case. He also explains considerations for patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and how to manage patients’ expectations of postoperative outcomes and recovery. Wed, 21 Jun 2023 15:01:10 -0000 full Eyetube In this episode, Morgan Micheletti, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 65-year-old woman with a history of high myopia and radial keratotomy who presented with pseudoexfoliation, a poorly dilated pupil, and a 3+ nuclear sclerotic cataract. Dr. Micheletti describes how he manages IOL calculations and preoperative assessments for patients with previous refractive surgery and outlines surgical insights in this case. He also explains considerations for patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and how to manage patients’ expectations of postoperative outcomes and recovery. In this episode, Morgan Micheletti, MD, joins Sila Bal, MD, MPH, to review a case of a 65-year-old woman with a history of high myopia and radial keratotomy who presented with pseudoexfoliation, a poorly dilated pupil, and a 3+ nuclear sclerotic cataract. Dr. Micheletti describes how he manages IOL calculations and preoperative assessments for patients with previous refractive surgery and outlines surgical insights in this case. He also explains considerations for patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and how to manage patients’ expectations of postoperative outcomes and recovery.

]]> 2201 Case Review: Refractive Surgery Consultation Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Dagny Zhu, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a case in which a 37-year-old woman was interested in learning about all options in refractive surgery. Dr. Zhu explains how she approached this consultation and outlines the differences in patient selection, limitations, and potential complications for LASIK, PRK, SMILE, and other refractive procedures. The two also discuss considerations and pearls for performing refractive enhancements. Wed, 17 May 2023 21:16:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Dagny Zhu, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a case in which a 37-year-old woman was interested in learning about all options in refractive surgery. Dr. Zhu explains how she approached this consultation and outlines the differences in patient selection, limitations, and potential complications for LASIK, PRK, SMILE, and other refractive procedures. The two also discuss considerations and pearls for performing refractive enhancements. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Dagny Zhu, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a case in which a 37-year-old woman was interested in learning about all options in refractive surgery. Dr. Zhu explains how she approached this consultation and outlines the differences in patient selection, limitations, and potential complications for LASIK, PRK, SMILE, and other refractive procedures. The two also discuss considerations and pearls for performing refractive enhancements.

]]> 2434 Case Review: SLT for Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her conversation with Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, regarding surgical options for patients with glaucoma. In this episode, they review a case of a 57-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma who inquired about laser therapy as an option over eye drops. Dr. Ahmed explains which types of glaucoma are the most appropriate for treating with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and comments on the benefits and risks of using SLT as a first-line therapy. Drs. Bal and Ahmed further discuss what outcomes surgeons can expect from SLT and when patients could see results. Mon, 13 Mar 2023 16:12:09 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her conversation with Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, regarding surgical options for patients with glaucoma. In this episode, they review a case of a 57-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma who inquired about laser therapy as an option over eye drops. Dr. Ahmed explains which types of glaucoma are the most appropriate for treating with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and comments on the benefits and risks of using SLT as a first-line therapy. Drs. Bal and Ahmed further discuss what outcomes surgeons can expect from SLT and when patients could see results. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her conversation with Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, regarding surgical options for patients with glaucoma. In this episode, they review a case of a 57-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma who inquired about laser therapy as an option over eye drops. Dr. Ahmed explains which types of glaucoma are the most appropriate for treating with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and comments on the benefits and risks of using SLT as a first-line therapy. Drs. Bal and Ahmed further discuss what outcomes surgeons can expect from SLT and when patients could see results.

]]> 1100 Case Review: Progression of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, in the first of a two-part episode to review a case of a 68-year-old man with a history of primary open-angle glaucoma who experienced progression of a visual field defect and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Dr. Ahmed shares insights into when to proceed with incisional surgery in these patients and discusses relative contraindications and potential complications of performing trabeculectomy. He also discusses how earlier intervention with minimally invasive techniques has changed the glaucoma surgery field. Tue, 14 Feb 2023 16:56:39 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, in the first of a two-part episode to review a case of a 68-year-old man with a history of primary open-angle glaucoma who experienced progression of a visual field defect and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Dr. Ahmed shares insights into when to proceed with incisional surgery in these patients and discusses relative contraindications and potential complications of performing trabeculectomy. He also discusses how earlier intervention with minimally invasive techniques has changed the glaucoma surgery field. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, in the first of a two-part episode to review a case of a 68-year-old man with a history of primary open-angle glaucoma who experienced progression of a visual field defect and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Dr. Ahmed shares insights into when to proceed with incisional surgery in these patients and discusses relative contraindications and potential complications of performing trabeculectomy. He also discusses how earlier intervention with minimally invasive techniques has changed the glaucoma surgery field.

]]> 1149 Case Review: Corneal Transplant in Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Daniel S. Choi, MD, to discuss the case of a 65-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy who was interested in a corneal transplant. Dr. Choi outlines the surgical steps and indications for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). He also explains the potential postoperative complications one might experience following each procedure and reveals how he would approach this case. Drs. Bal and Choi also touch on newer developments for treating endothelial dystrophy such as Descemet stripping only (DSO). Wed, 18 Jan 2023 12:58:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Daniel S. Choi, MD, to discuss the case of a 65-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy who was interested in a corneal transplant. Dr. Choi outlines the surgical steps and indications for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). He also explains the potential postoperative complications one might experience following each procedure and reveals how he would approach this case. Drs. Bal and Choi also touch on newer developments for treating endothelial dystrophy such as Descemet stripping only (DSO). Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Daniel S. Choi, MD, to discuss the case of a 65-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy who was interested in a corneal transplant. Dr. Choi outlines the surgical steps and indications for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). He also explains the potential postoperative complications one might experience following each procedure and reveals how he would approach this case. Drs. Bal and Choi also touch on newer developments for treating endothelial dystrophy such as Descemet stripping only (DSO).

]]> 2248 Case Review: Neurotrophic Keratitis and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome In this special live episode of Pupil Pod, hosted by YoungMD Connect, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Brent Kramer, MD, reviewed the unique case of an 18-year-old woman with decreased vision and recurrent corneal erosion as a manifestation of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)—a degenerative nerve condition. Dr. Kramer outlined his approach to the case, including the diagnostic testing he performed, and explained the pathogenesis and causes of neurotrophic keratitis (NK) and the association between NK and CRPS. Further, he describes how he managed this unique condition and the patient’s outcome from treatment. Tue, 13 Dec 2022 22:09:00 -0000 full Eyetube In this special live episode of Pupil Pod, hosted by YoungMD Connect, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Brent Kramer, MD, reviewed the unique case of an 18-year-old woman with decreased vision and recurrent corneal erosion as a manifestation of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)—a degenerative nerve condition. Dr. Kramer outlined his approach to the case, including the diagnostic testing he performed, and explained the pathogenesis and causes of neurotrophic keratitis (NK) and the association between NK and CRPS. Further, he describes how he managed this unique condition and the patient’s outcome from treatment. In this special live episode of Pupil Pod, hosted by YoungMD Connect, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Brent Kramer, MD, reviewed the unique case of an 18-year-old woman with decreased vision and recurrent corneal erosion as a manifestation of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)—a degenerative nerve condition. Dr. Kramer outlined his approach to the case, including the diagnostic testing he performed, and explained the pathogenesis and causes of neurotrophic keratitis (NK) and the association between NK and CRPS. Further, he describes how he managed this unique condition and the patient’s outcome from treatment.

]]> 1456 Case Review: Surgical Challenges in Global Ophthalmology Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites David Khorram, MD, to discuss his experiences in global ophthalmology and how health care workers in remote regions of low- to middle- income countries treat ophthalmic patients. Dr. Khorram shares insights into the epidemiology of trachoma and how it is transmitted and treated. He also explains the advantages of performing manual small-incision cataract surgery over extracapsular cataract extraction in regions without access to phacoemulsification. Mon, 13 Jun 2022 19:17:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites David Khorram, MD, to discuss his experiences in global ophthalmology and how health care workers in remote regions of low- to middle- income countries treat ophthalmic patients. Dr. Khorram shares insights into the epidemiology of trachoma and how it is transmitted and treated. He also explains the advantages of performing manual small-incision cataract surgery over extracapsular cataract extraction in regions without access to phacoemulsification. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, invites David Khorram, MD, to discuss his experiences in global ophthalmology and how health care workers in remote regions of low- to middle- income countries treat ophthalmic patients. Dr. Khorram shares insights into the epidemiology of trachoma and how it is transmitted and treated. He also explains the advantages of performing manual small-incision cataract surgery over extracapsular cataract extraction in regions without access to phacoemulsification.

]]> 1766 Case Review: Expert Management of Keratoconus at Each Stage of Disease Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Neda Shamie, MD, to discuss the demographics and risk factors for the development of keratoconus and the genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and clinical manifestations of the disease. Dr. Shamie also shares expert insight into treatment approaches for each stage of keratoconus severity. Tue, 10 May 2022 16:28:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Neda Shamie, MD, to discuss the demographics and risk factors for the development of keratoconus and the genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and clinical manifestations of the disease. Dr. Shamie also shares expert insight into treatment approaches for each stage of keratoconus severity. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Neda Shamie, MD, to discuss the demographics and risk factors for the development of keratoconus and the genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and clinical manifestations of the disease. Dr. Shamie also shares expert insight into treatment approaches for each stage of keratoconus severity.

]]> 2160 Case Review: Managing Patients With Early POAG and Ocular Hypertension Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Amenze Osa Oriaifo, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss the potential risk factors for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension, and normal-tension glaucoma. Dr. Osa shares findings from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial on the effectiveness of lowering IOP for patients with new POAG and results from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. The two physicians discuss how these findings should apply to patients’ cases to prevent glaucoma progression. Mon, 11 Apr 2022 21:36:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Amenze Osa Oriaifo, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss the potential risk factors for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension, and normal-tension glaucoma. Dr. Osa shares findings from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial on the effectiveness of lowering IOP for patients with new POAG and results from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. The two physicians discuss how these findings should apply to patients’ cases to prevent glaucoma progression. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Amenze Osa Oriaifo, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss the potential risk factors for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension, and normal-tension glaucoma. Dr. Osa shares findings from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial on the effectiveness of lowering IOP for patients with new POAG and results from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. The two physicians discuss how these findings should apply to patients’ cases to prevent glaucoma progression.

]]> 862 Case Review: Take-Home Points and Clinical Applications From Diabetic Retinopathy Studies Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her discussion with guest Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, in the second of a two-part episode of Pupil Pod’s diabetic retinopathy series. In the previous episode, Drs. Bal and Esparaz broke down the risks associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This episode dives into the take-home points and clinical applications from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study and other research, and Dr. Esparaz shares her approach to treating patients with high-risk PDR and clinically significant diabetic macular edema in her practice. Tue, 08 Mar 2022 11:40:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her discussion with guest Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, in the second of a two-part episode of Pupil Pod’s diabetic retinopathy series. In the previous episode, Drs. Bal and Esparaz broke down the risks associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This episode dives into the take-home points and clinical applications from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study and other research, and Dr. Esparaz shares her approach to treating patients with high-risk PDR and clinically significant diabetic macular edema in her practice. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, continues her discussion with guest Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, in the second of a two-part episode of Pupil Pod’s diabetic retinopathy series. In the previous episode, Drs. Bal and Esparaz broke down the risks associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This episode dives into the take-home points and clinical applications from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study and other research, and Dr. Esparaz shares her approach to treating patients with high-risk PDR and clinically significant diabetic macular edema in her practice.

]]> 824 Case Review: Diagnosing and Treating Retinoblastoma Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Jesse L. Berry, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a complicated case of a 14-month-old patient who presents to the clinic with strabismus and leukocoria. Together, Drs. Bal and Berry run down the differences between heritable and nonheritable retinal diseases and provide a deep dive on the methods for identifying, treating, and managing retinoblastoma. Thu, 10 Feb 2022 14:56:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Jesse L. Berry, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a complicated case of a 14-month-old patient who presents to the clinic with strabismus and leukocoria. Together, Drs. Bal and Berry run down the differences between heritable and nonheritable retinal diseases and provide a deep dive on the methods for identifying, treating, and managing retinoblastoma. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Jesse L. Berry, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss a complicated case of a 14-month-old patient who presents to the clinic with strabismus and leukocoria. Together, Drs. Bal and Berry run down the differences between heritable and nonheritable retinal diseases and provide a deep dive on the methods for identifying, treating, and managing retinoblastoma.

]]> 1660 Case Review: Identifying and Treating Pediatric Third Nerve Palsy Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Eric Gaier, MD, PhD, discuss a case of a 4-year-old girl with mydriasis, ocular pain, and vision loss. The physicians provide tips for identifying neuro-ophthalmic diseases that can lead to vision loss before examining treatments for third nerve palsy.  Mon, 17 Jan 2022 22:01:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Eric Gaier, MD, PhD, discuss a case of a 4-year-old girl with mydriasis, ocular pain, and vision loss. The physicians provide tips for identifying neuro-ophthalmic diseases that can lead to vision loss before examining treatments for third nerve palsy.  Sila Bal, MD, MPH, and Eric Gaier, MD, PhD, discuss a case of a 4-year-old girl with mydriasis, ocular pain, and vision loss. The physicians provide tips for identifying neuro-ophthalmic diseases that can lead to vision loss before examining treatments for third nerve palsy. 

]]> 1632 Case Review: Finding the Right Lens Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Shamie, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss lens selection for a patient prior to cataract surgery. The pair review the Helmholtz accommodation theory, patient selection for the different types of IOLs, advancements in presbyopia treatment, and more. Tue, 21 Dec 2021 20:57:07 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Shamie, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss lens selection for a patient prior to cataract surgery. The pair review the Helmholtz accommodation theory, patient selection for the different types of IOLs, advancements in presbyopia treatment, and more. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Shamie, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss lens selection for a patient prior to cataract surgery. The pair review the Helmholtz accommodation theory, patient selection for the different types of IOLs, advancements in presbyopia treatment, and more.

]]> 1961 no Case Review: Defining the Criteria for LASIK Patients Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Nikpoor, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss some of the criteria when screening a patient prior to refractive surgery. Drs. Bal and Nikpoor discuss the most important parts of a patient’s social and medical history prior to operation, the risks which may present when operating on patients with preexisting ocular conditions, and other crucial conversations to have with patients before LASIK. Mon, 08 Nov 2021 16:25:00 -0000 full Eyetube Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Nikpoor, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss some of the criteria when screening a patient prior to refractive surgery. Drs. Bal and Nikpoor discuss the most important parts of a patient’s social and medical history prior to operation, the risks which may present when operating on patients with preexisting ocular conditions, and other crucial conversations to have with patients before LASIK. Sila Bal, MD, MPH, welcomes Neda Nikpoor, MD, to the Pupil Pod to discuss some of the criteria when screening a patient prior to refractive surgery. Drs. Bal and Nikpoor discuss the most important parts of a patient’s social and medical history prior to operation, the risks which may present when operating on patients with preexisting ocular conditions, and other crucial conversations to have with patients before LASIK.

]]> 1249 Case Review: Screening a Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patient In this first of a two-part episode, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, to discuss a 25-year-old newly diagnosed diabetic patient who experienced blurry vision and two episodes of subconjunctival hemorrhages in the 2 months prior. Drs. Bal and Esparaz walk through their initial screening process for patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and provide answers for some of the common questions asked by newly diagnosed diabetic patients.  Thu, 12 Aug 2021 16:08:00 -0000 full Eyetube In this first of a two-part episode, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, to discuss a 25-year-old newly diagnosed diabetic patient who experienced blurry vision and two episodes of subconjunctival hemorrhages in the 2 months prior. Drs. Bal and Esparaz walk through their initial screening process for patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and provide answers for some of the common questions asked by newly diagnosed diabetic patients.  In this first of a two-part episode, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, is joined by Elizabeth Shanika Esparaz, MD, to discuss a 25-year-old newly diagnosed diabetic patient who experienced blurry vision and two episodes of subconjunctival hemorrhages in the 2 months prior. Drs. Bal and Esparaz walk through their initial screening process for patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and provide answers for some of the common questions asked by newly diagnosed diabetic patients. 

]]> 898 Case Review: Postoperative CME In the debut episode of Pupil Pod, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, asks Alison Early, MD, to discuss the case of a patient who presented with a complaint of blurry vision 2 months after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Dr. Early describes the workup she performs in this situation when reassessing a patient and some of the potential diagnoses she considers initially.   Mon, 19 Jul 2021 19:39:30 -0000 Case Review: Postoperative CME full Eyetube In the debut episode of Pupil Pod, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, asks Alison Early, MD, to discuss the case of a patient who presented with a complaint of blurry vision 2 months after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Dr. Early describes the workup she performs in this situation when reassessing a patient and some of the potential diagnoses she considers initially.   In the debut episode of Pupil Pod, Sila Bal, MD, MPH, asks Alison Early, MD, to discuss the case of a patient who presented with a complaint of blurry vision 2 months after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Dr. Early describes the workup she performs in this situation when reassessing a patient and some of the potential diagnoses she considers initially.  

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