A software program installed unintentionally by a user that typically performs tasks not asked for by the installer. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/potentially-unwanted-program⁠

Audio reference link: Butler, S., 2022. Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUPS) EXPLAINED [Video]. YouTube. URL ⁠https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5L429Iahbww⁠ (accessed 1.6.23).

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/ransomware⁠

Audio reference link: ⁠https://watch.amazon.com/detail?gti=amzn1.dv.gti.d6a9f744-47b0-ac70-aa56-b31fd0f58482&territory=US&ref_=share_ios_season&r=web

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The name of a wireless access point.

CyberWire Glossary ⁠link⁠.

Audio reference link: ⁠SSID Management - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 1.5⁠, Professor Messer, uploaded August 3rd, 2014.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A U.S. Government specification for data encryption using an asymmetric key algorithm.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/advanced-encryption-standard⁠

Audio reference link: papadoc73. ⁠“Claude Debussy: Clair De Lune.”⁠ YouTube, YouTube, 6 Oct. 2008. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/data-loss-prevention⁠

Audio reference link: HistoryHeard. “⁠Data Loss Prevention - CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 - 2.1⁠,” Professor Messer, uploaded 20 November 2017

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A system that translates text-based URLs to their underlying numerical IP addresses.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/domain-name-system-dns⁠

Audio reference link: HistoryHeard. “⁠History Heard: Paul Mockapetris.⁠” YouTube, YouTube, 5 Apr. 2009.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A social engineering technique in which a threat actor poses as a trusted person or entity in order to trick the victim into disclosing information or performing an action that benefits the attacker.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/pretexting⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Batch Pin Hurt Charlize Theron Skin | the Italian Job (2003) Movie Scene.⁠” YouTube, YouTube, 22 Nov. 2016. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A layer seven firewall designed to block threats at the application layer of the open system interconnection model, the OSI model. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/web-application-firewall⁠

Audio reference link: “VCF East 9.1 - Ches' Computer Security Adventures - Bill Cheswick.” YouTube, 29 Dec. 2015, ⁠https://youtu.be/trR1cuBtcPs⁠. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An IT governance framework developed by ISACA. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/cobit⁠

Audio reference link: isacappc. “How Do You Explain Cobit to Your Dad – or Your CEO?” YouTube, YouTube, 24 Aug. 2016, ⁠https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYATVkddIyw⁠. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A security architecture that incorporates the cloud shared responsibility model, a vendor provided security stack, and network peering with one or more of the big content providers and their associated fiber networks. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/security-service-edge⁠

Audio reference link: Netskope (2022). What is Security Service Edge (SSE). YouTube. Available at: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9H84nvgBqw⁠ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2022].

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A social engineering tactic in which hackers build a malicious domain to mimic a legitimate one.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/domain-spoofing⁠

Audio reference link: ⁠“Mission Impossible Fallout - Hospital Scene.”⁠ YouTube, YouTube, 8 Oct. 2018,

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A layer seven firewall that sits in line at the boundary between the internet and an organization's network perimeter that allows security policy enforcement and can perform certain prevention and detection tasks.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/secure-web-gateway⁠

Audio reference link: ‌Vintage Computer Federation (2015). VCF East 9.1 - Ches’ Computer Security Adventures - Bill Cheswick. YouTube. Available at: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trR1cuBtcPs.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Digital evidence that a system or network has been breached.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/indicator-of-compromise⁠

Audio reference link: ‌”⁠Suicide or Murder? | The Blind Banker | Sherlock⁠,” uploaded by Sherlock, 18 October 2015

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A system that monitors for malicious or unwanted activity, and either raises alerts when such activity is detected or blocks the traffic from passing to the target.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/intrusion-detection-system⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention - CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 - 2.1⁠,” Professor Messer, uploaded 16 November, 2017

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hackers bypass, multifactor authentication schemes by sending a blizzard of spamming login attempts until the accounts owner accepts the MFA prompt out of desperation to make the spamming stop. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/mfa-prompt-bombing⁠

Audio reference link: movieclips. “⁠Sneakers (2/9) Movie Clip - Defeating the Keypad (1992) HD.⁠” YouTube, YouTube, 29 May 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oG5vsPJ5Tos. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An optional security mode for macOS and iOS that reduces the attack surface of the operating system by disabling certain commonly attacked features. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/apple-lockdown-mode⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠How NSO Group’s Pegasus Spyware Was Found on Jamal Khashoggi’s Fiancée’s Phone⁠,” FRONTLINE, YouTube, 18 July 2021.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A security awareness training technique in which authorized, but fake phishing emails are sent to employees in order to measure and improve their resistance to real phishing attacks. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/simulated-phishing⁠

Audio reference link: ⁠“Blackhat (2014) - Hacking the NSA Scene (4/10) | Movieclips.”⁠ YouTube, YouTube, 19 Apr. 2017.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The process of installing applications on a device without the use of official software distribution channels.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/sideloading

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A zero trust security technique that isolates application workloads from each other, allowing each one to be protected individually.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/microsegmentation⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Micro-Segmentation Masterpieces⁠,” PJ Kirner, Illumio CTO and Co-Founder, Tech Field Day, YouTube, 13 December 2020.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The use of similar-looking characters in a phishing URL to spoof a legitimate site.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/homograph-phishing⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Mission Impossible III 2006 Masking 01⁠,” uploaded by DISGUISE MASK, 28 July 2018.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Software designed to prevent cheating in video games. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/anti-cheat-software⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠The BIG Problem with Anti-Cheat⁠,” by Techquickie, YouTube, 5 June 2020

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Malware, in the guise of ransomware, that destroys data rather than encrypts.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/pseudoransomware⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Some Men Just Want to Watch the World Burn | the Dark Knight⁠,” by YouTube, 2 November 2019.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A browser configuration control that prevents accessing resources within a private network.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/trusted-platform-module⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠TPM (Trusted Platform Module) - Computerphile⁠,” Computerphile, 23 July 2021

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A browser configuration control that prevents accessing resources within a private network.

CyberWire Glossary ⁠link⁠.

Audio reference link: “⁠Chrome Limits Access to Private Networks⁠,” by Daniel Lowrie, ITProTV, YouTube, 19 January 2022.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The potential next evolution of the worldwide web that decentralizes interaction between users and content away from the big silicon valley social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, and towards peer-to-peer interaction using blockchain as the underlying technology. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/web-30⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠What Elon Musk Just Said about Metaverse, Web3 and Neuralink⁠,” By Clayton Morris, Crypto News Daily, YouTube. 2 December 2021.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A set of solutions for ensuring that the right users can only access the appropriate resources.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/identity-and-access-management⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠The Wrath of Khan (1982) ‘Kirk’s Response⁠,’” by Russell, YouTube, 16 May 2017.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The deployment of rules to the security stack across all data islands, cloud, SaaS applications, data centers, and mobile devices designed to manifest an organization's cybersecurity first principle strategies of zero trust, intrusion kill chain prevention, resilience, and risk forecasting. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/policy-orchestration⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠The Value of Using Security Policy Orchestration and Automation⁠,” by David Monahan, uploaded by EMAResearch, 3 April, 2018

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A process of hiding the complexity of a system by providing an interface that eases its manipulation.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/abstraction-layer⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠What Is Abstraction in Computer Science,⁠” by Codexpanse, YouTube, 29 October 2018.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A set of services for managing identity and access management, or IAM across all of an organization's data islands.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/identity-fabric⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Leadership Compass Identity Fabrics - Analyst Chat 126⁠,” by KuppingerCole, YouTube, 30 May 2022.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A cybersecurity first principle strategy focused on disrupting known adversary activity at one of several phases of an attack sequence.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/intrusion-kill-chain⁠

Audio reference link: "⁠Cybersecurity Days: A Network Defender's Future⁠," by Rick Howard, Integrated Cyber Conference, Integrated Adaptive Cyber Defense (IACD), YouTube, 26 October 2018.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A subset of security orchestration, the management of identities across an organization's set of digital islands. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/identity-orchestration

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A cyber threat intelligence analysis model that defines relationship pairs between four core components in the shape of a diamond of adversary playbook activity across the intrusion kill chain: the adversary, their capability, the infrastructure used or attacked, and the victim.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/diamond-model ⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Diamond Presentation v2 0: Diamond Model for Intrusion Analysis – Applied to Star Wars’ Battles⁠,” Andy Pendergrast and Wade Baker, ThreatConnect, YouTube, 4 February 2020.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A knowledge base of adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures established and maintained by the MITRE Corporation. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/mitre-attck⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Attack Frameworks - SY0-601 CompTIA Security+ : 4.2⁠,” Professor Messer, YouTube, 29 April 2021.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The set of people, process, technology, and cultural norms that integrates software development and IT operations into a system-of-systems.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/devops⁠

Audio reference link: "⁠10+ Deploys Per Day: Dev and Ops Cooperation at Flickr⁠," by John Allspaw and Paul Hammond, Velocity 09, 25 July 2009.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A software development model that relies on a series of sequential steps that flow into each other, like a series of waterfalls. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/waterfall-software-development⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Creating Video Games - Agile Software Development,⁠” by Sara Verrilli, MIT OpenCourseWare, YouTube, 10 December 2015

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A software development philosophy that emphasizes incremental delivery, team collaboration, continual planning, and continual learning 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/agile-software-development⁠

Audio reference link: "⁠Velocity 09: John Allspaw and Paul Hammond, "10+ Deploys Pe,⁠" John Allspaw and Paul Hammond, 2009 Velocity Conference, YouTube, 25 June 2009.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The flagship product of the controversial Israeli spyware vendor, the NSO Group, use for remotely hacking mobile devices, most notably iPhones, via zero-click exploits.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/pegasus⁠

Audio reference link:⁠“Cybersecurity beyond the Headlines: A Conversation with Journalist Nicole Perlroth⁠,” Kristen Eichensehr, and Nicole Perlroth, University of Virginia School of Law, YouTube, 14 February 2022

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An open source email authentication protocol designed to prevent emails, spoofing in phishing, business email compromise or BEC, and other email-based attacks. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/pegasus⁠

Audio reference link:"⁠Global Cyber Alliance's Phil Reitinger talks DMARC adoption⁠" “Global Cyber Alliance’s Phil Reitinger Talks DMARC Adoption.” YouTube Video. YouTube, April 27, 2018

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A prescriptive open source software security maturity model designed to guide strategies tailored to an organization’s specific risks.

Audio reference link: "⁠OWASPMSP - Pravir Chandra: Software Assurance Maturity Model (OpenSAMM)⁠." by Pravir Chandra, OWASP MSP, 2009.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An open standard for hardware authentication tokens that use the universal serial bus, or USB, near-field communications, or NFCs, or Bluetooth to communicate one factor in a two-factor authentication exchange.

Cyberwire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/u2f⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History⁠,” by Thomas Rid, Published by W. W. Norton Company, 21 November 2017.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A descriptive model that provides a baseline of observed software security initiatives and activities from a collection of volunteer software development shops. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/bsimm⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠OWASP AppSecUSA 2014 - Keynote: Gary McGraw - BSIMM: A Decade of Software Security⁠.” YouTube Video. YouTube, September 19, 2014.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Software libraries, frameworks, packages, and other components, and their dependencies (third-party code that each component uses) that have inherent security weaknesses, either through newly discovered vulnerabilities or because newer versions have superseded the deployed version. 

Audio reference Link: "⁠The Panama Papers: A Closer Look⁠," Late Night with Seth Meyers, YouTube, 12 April 2016

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Code and data repositories that don't protect against unauthorized changes.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The absence of telemetry that could help network defenders detect and respond to hostile attempts to compromise a system. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ineffectual confirmation of a user's identity or authentication in session management.

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/owasp-identification-and-authentication-failure⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠Mr. Robot Hack - Password Cracking - Episode 1⁠.” YouTube Video. YouTube, September 21, 2016.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An open source Java-based software tool available from the Apache Software Foundation designed to log security and performance information. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/log4j⁠

Audio reference link: “⁠CISA Director: The LOG4J Security Flaw Is the ‘Most Serious’ She’s Seen in Her Career⁠,” by Eamon Javers (CNBC) and Jen Easterly (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Director) YouTube, 20 December 20 2021.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Software users are allowed access to data or functionality contrary to the defined zero trust policy by bypassing or manipulating the installed security controls. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The state of a web application when it's vulnerable to attack due to an insecure configuration. 

CyberWire Glossary link: ⁠⁠https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/owasp-security-misconfiguration⁠⁠

Audio reference link: ⁠⁠“What Is the Elvish Word for Friend?”⁠⁠ Quora, 2021.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A broad OWASP Top 10 software development category representing missing, ineffective, or unforeseen security measures.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/owasp-insecure-design

Audio reference link: “Oceans Eleven Problem Constraints Assumptions.” by Steve Jones, YouTube, 4 November 2015.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A broad class of attack vectors, where an attacker supplies input to an applications command interpreter that results in unanticipated functionality. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/owasp-injection

Audio reference link: “APPSEC Cali 2018 - Taking on the King: Killing Injection Vulnerabilities” YouTube Video. YouTube, March 19, 2018.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The prevention of the first part of an intrusion kill chain model exploitation technique, where the hacker steals valid logging credentials from a targeted victim. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/account-takeover-prevention

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The process of proactively searching through networks to detect and isolate security threats, rather than relying on security solutions or services to detect those threats. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/threat-hunting

Audio reference link: “My ‘Aha!" Moment - Methods, Tips, & Lessons Learned in Threat Hunting - sans Thir Summit 2019.” YouTube, YouTube, 25 Feb. 2020.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/vulnerability-management

Audio reference link: “Vulnerability Scanning - Comptia Security+ sy0-501 - 1.5.” YouTube, YouTube, 11 Nov. 2017,

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A formal record containing the details and supply chain relationships of various components used in building software. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A security philosophy that assumes adversaries have already penetrated the digital environment and tries to reduce the potential impact by limiting access by people, devices, and software to only the resources essential to perform their function and nothing more. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hardware and software designed to detect and prevent cyber adversary campaigns that target industrial operations. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The difference between organizational employee job requirements and the available skillsets in the potential employee pool.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The use of technology to radically improve the performance or reach of the business. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Cloud services intended for cyber criminals and other bad actors designed to obstruct law enforcement and other kinds of government investigations, and to provide some protection against competitors.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A supply chain cybersecurity accreditation standard designed for the protection of controlled unclassified information that the U.S. Department of Defense, or DoD, will require for all contract bids by October, 2025. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A collection of people, process, and technology that provides an organization the ability to detect and respond to cyber attacks.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Cybercriminals who lack the expertise to write their own programs use existing scripts, code, or tools authored by other more skilled hackers. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An isolated and controlled set of resources that mimics real world environments and used to safely execute suspicious code without infecting or causing damage to the host machine, operating system, or network.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A stack of security software solutions and tools that allow organizations to orchestrate disparate internal and external tools which feed pre-built automation playbooks that respond to events or alert analysts if an event meets a certain threshold.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A security architecture that incorporates the cloud shared responsibility model, a vendor provided security stack, an SD-WAN abstraction layer, and network peering with one or more of the big content providers and their associated fiber networks.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The practice of emulating known adversary behavior against an organization's actual defensive posture.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A layer seven security orchestration platform deployed at the boundary between internal workloads slash data storage and untrusted sources that blocks incoming and outgoing network traffic with rules that tie applications to the authenticated user and provides most of the traditional security stack functions in one device or software application. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A network designed to obfuscate the location of a cyber adversary's command and control server by manipulating the domain name system, or DNS, in a way that rotates the associated IP address among large numbers of compromised hosts in a botnet.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The process of converting plain text into an unrecognizable form or secret code to hide its true meaning.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Software or hardware that records the computer keys pressed by a user. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Digital assets that are cryptographically protected on a blockchain and contain unique identification codes and metadata that makes them one of a kind.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The use of two or more verification methods to gain access to an account.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A programming technique where the developer doesn't specify each step of the algorithm in code, but instead teaches the algorithm to learn from the experience.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The process of turning raw information into intelligence products that leaders use to make decisions with.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A cloud-based software distribution method where app infrastructure, performance, and security are maintained by a service provider and accessible to users, typically via subscription, from any device connected to the internet.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A cryptographic hack that relies on guessing all possible letter combinations of a targeted password until the correct codeword is discovered.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A process of converting encrypted data into something that a human or computer can understand.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A cyber attack designed to impair or eliminate access to online services or data.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A type of side channel attack in which an attacker with physical access to a computer performs a memory dump of a computer’s Random Access Memory or RAM during the reboot process in order to steal sensitive data. 

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/chaos-engineering

Audio reference link: Farnam Street, 2009. Richard Feynman Teaches you the Scientific Method [Website]. Farnam Street. URL https://fs.blog/mental-model-scientific-method/

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof

Audio reference link: Staff, 2022. Zero Knowledge Proofs [Video]. YouTube. URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qzNe1hk0oY

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/hipaa

Audio reference link: Dr. Dana Brems, 2021. Doctor reacts to “HIPAA violations” [Video]. YouTube. URL https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Ksk00s8a_IU

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices