CrashCourse

The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23

Fri, 11 Sep 2026 02:49:05 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the changes wrought by contact between the Old World and the New. John does this by exploring the totally awesome history book "The Columbian Exchange" by Alfred Crosby, Jr. After Columbus "discovered" the Americas, European conquerors, traders, and settlers brought all manner of changes to the formerly isolated continents. Disease and invasive plant and animal species remade the New World, usually in negative ways. While native people, plants, and animals were being displaced in the Americas, the rest of the world was benefitting from American imports, especially foods like maize, tomatoes, potatoes, pineapple, blueberries, sweet potatoes, and manioc. Was the Columbian Exchange a net positive? It's debatable. So debate.

The Columbian Exchange, by Alfred Crosby, Jr: https://bit.ly/3M3ZtbG

Chapters:
Introduction: The Columbian Exchange 00:00
Diseases of the Columbian Exchange 1:14
John Green Does the Cinnamon Challenge (Ew) 4:21
An Open Letter to Tobacco 5:09
Animals of the Columbian Exchange 5:51
Plants of the Columbian Exchange 7:27
People of the Columbian Exchange 9:53
Credits 11:36

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Introduction to Latin American Literature: Crash Course Latin American Literature #1

Fri, 11 Sep 2026 01:46:21 -0000

Latin America is a vastly diverse region shaped by a blend of influences. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how Latin American authors navigate one big question: Who are we?

Introduction: Where is Latin America? 00:00
The History of "Latin America" 0:53
Latino vs. Hispanic 2:41
Varying Identities & Languages 3:28
Paz & Identity 5:05
"Terra Nostra" 7:30
Borges & Andrade 9:17
Review & Credits 11:09

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0

To learn more, check out these videos:

Geopolitical history of Latin America: Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=8z_ra4m4cXUMnLdT , War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225 https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=uDevoPt88Q6wBBXB
Imperialism:
Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners: Crash Course World History #21 https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=hzKIJz7J5yy3MoOB , The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation: Crash Course World History #25 https://youtu.be/rjhIzemLdos?si=EDypIu1uOW0nQZuW , Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35 https://youtu.be/alJaltUmrGo?si=PhOQlrhHDnndZndM

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34&si=To8-VCKQv51bH9dP

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Simple Animals: Sponges, Jellies, and Octopuses - Crash Course Biology #22

Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:43:38 -0000

Hank introduces us to the "simplest" of the animals, complexity-wise: beginning with sponges (whose very inclusion in the list as "animals" has been called into question because they are so simple) and finishing with the most complex molluscs, octopuses and squid. We differentiate them by the number of tissue layers they have, and by the complexity of those layers.

Table of Contents:
1) Porifera 1:33
2) Cnidaria 2:36
a) Diploblasts 2:48
3) Platyhelminthes 3:33
a) Triploblasts 3:56
b) Coelom 4:36
4) Biolography 5:36
5) Nematoda 7:26
6) Rotifera 7:57
7) Molusca 8:33

References:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2008/06/how_smart_is_the_octopus.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrocoelium_LifeCycle.gif
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/nematode/soil_nematode.htm
http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/nematodes.html
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-08/uoc--goa080410.php
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php
http://www.insidescience.org/news-service/1-2615
http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_genomevol/genomevol.pdf
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalclassification/Polygenetic/phylogenetictree/phylogenetictree.htm
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_9_porifera_cnidaria/Cnidaria.html
http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/animals/protostomes/default.htm

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Native Languages and The Indian Education Act: Ep 21 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 23:40:54 -0000

It’s time to save Native languages—before it’s too late. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we dig into the ways Native languages were destroyed and the resilient ways tribes are bringing them back to life.

Introduction: "Never Alone" 00:00
The State of Native Language 0:35
Revealing Native Culture 1:40
Colonization & Boarding Schools 3:42
Language Revitalization 7:00
Review & Credits 9:04

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

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Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire: Crash Course World History #219

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Holy Roman Empire by teaching you about Charles V. Charles Hapsburg was the Holy Roman Emperor, but he was also the King of Spain. And the King of Germany. And the King of Italy and the Lord of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy. In short, Charles was runnin' thangs in much of the world during his reign. Charles ruled a lot of countries, and he was also known for encouraging intellectual discourse and even spoke out against slavery, in a limited way. So why did he consider himself a failure, and why did he break up the Empire when he abdicated in 1556? Mainly because the Holy Roman Empire didn't work very well. It was huge, and it didn't have any means of directly raising taxes. Plus, it was a pretty crazy time in Europe anyway, and Charles found himself in charge of the Catholic-Church-Endorsed Empire during the time of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. John will teach you a bit about how Charles put the Empire together, and how it fell apart, and even talk a bit about the Diet of Worms.

This episode was written by Neal Schulz, but we messed up the onscreen credits. Thanks, and great work, Neal.

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The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? - Crash Course World History #22

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 22:38:10 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. European learning changed the world in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was it a cultural revolution, or an evolution? We'd argue that any cultural shift that occurs over a couple of hundred years isn't too overwhelming to the people who live through it. In retrospect though, the cultural bloom in Europe during this time was pretty impressive. In addition to investigating what caused the Renaissance and who benefitted from the changes that occurred, John will tell you just how the Ninja Turtles got mixed up in all this.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Renaissance 00:00
Themes in Renaissance Art 1:07
Humanist Scholars of the Renaissance Era 1:48
When was the Renaissance? 2:52
Why the Renaissance Happened in Italy 3:23
Florentine Textiles 5:08
How Islamic Scholars Helped Create the European Renaissance 6:30
An Open Letter to Copernicus 7:17
Why the Renaissance Didn't Happen 8:12
Credits 10:56

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Magical Realism and The Latin American Boom: Crash Course Latin American Literature #2

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 21:35:27 -0000

How did “Latin American literature” come to be? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we trace the origins of this region’s stories from the pre-Columbian era all the way to the Boom of the 1960s.

Introduction: Stories as History 00:00
Pre-Columbian Literature 0:23
Poetry & Bello 2:34
Bolívar 4:37
The Latin American Boom 6:08
Gabriel García Márquez 8:04
Review & Credits 10:57

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:

Christopher Columbus: Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners: Crash Course World History #21 https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=hzKIJz7J5yy3MoOB
K’iche’ People: Water and Classical Civilizations: Crash Course World History 222 https://youtu.be/rP54LFFSZ1Q?si=6jbF2u3xZyYJS9xy
Simón Bolívar: Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=E9lh1t6OdfOPrEXm
One Hundred Years of Solitude: 100 Years of Solitude Part 1: Crash Course Literature 306 https://youtu.be/YWNcCs__vQg?si=69kPZVKUib4XnYmK , 100 Years of Solitude Part 2: Crash Course Literature 307 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hlpv7nKt81A
Formula fields should be configured in the field menu dropdown

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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
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Comparative Anatomy: What Makes Us Animals - Crash Course Biology #21

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 20:32:43 -0000

Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.

References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689654/

Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39

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The Land Back Movement Explained: Ep 22 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 19:30:00 -0000

The Land Back movement is exactly what it sounds like: Native Americans want their land … back. But it’s also a whole lot more than that. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we explore what the Land Back movement does, how it works, and what it means for our shared future on this planet.

Introduction: 1492 Land Back Lane 00:00
Land Back & Land Acknowledgements 0:40
Settler Rent 2:00
The Jemez Pueblo Tribe 3:17
Environmental Impact 4:14
Haudenosaunee Activism 7:04
Review & Credits 9:26

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
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Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners: Crash Course World History #21

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 17:27:16 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the beginning of the so-called Age of Discovery. You've probably heard of Christopher Columbus, who "discovered" America in 1492, but what about Vasco da Gama? How about Zheng He? Columbus gets a bad rap from many modern historians, but it turns out he was pretty important as far as the history of the world goes. That said, he wasn't the only pioneer plying the seas in the 1400s. In Portugal, Vasco da Gama was busy integrating Europe into the Indian Ocean Trade by sailing around Africa. Chinese admiral Zheng He was also traveling far and wide in the largest wooden ships ever built. Columbus, whether portrayed as a hero or a villain, is usually credited as the great sailor of the 15th century, but he definitely wasn't the only contender. What better way to settle this question than with a knock-down, drag-out, no holds barred, old-fashioned battle royal? We were going to make it a cage match, but welding is EXPENSIVE.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Notable Sailors of the 15th Century 0:39
Zheng He, Chinese Admiral 1:23
Reasons for China's 15th Century Naval Expeditions 2:57
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese Explorer 4:24
Vasco da Gama's Motivations and Strategies 5:05
Myths about Christopher Columbus 6:33
An Open Letter to the Line of Demarcation 7:21
Christopher Columbus's First Voyage 8:15
Who Was the Greatest Mariner of the 15th Century? 9:29
Credits 10:00

Resources:
The Age of Reconnaissance by JH Parry - An explanation of the technologies that made these voyages possible, and a nice detailed record of many of the important voyages. https://bit.ly/3uCvKRg

When China Ruled the Sea by Louise Levathes: A history of the Ming dynasty's ventures into maritime exploration. https://bit.ly/3jB0Rqb

Unknown Seas by Ronald Watkins: A highly readable account of Vasco da Gama's introduction of Europe into the Indian Ocean trade. https://bit.ly/3M0QvMh

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Diazonium Salts and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #47

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Have you ever wondered where cured meats like salami or pepperoni get their bright red color? Of course its from organic chemistry! A chemical called nitric acid gives them that bright color, while also increasing their shelf. It's also involved in some other interesting reactions. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we'll see how nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to form diazonium salts, we'll learn about alkyldiazonium salts and aryldiazonium salts, and see what conditions are necessary for nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
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Nature in Latin American Literature: Crash Course Latin American Literature #3

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 16:24:32 -0000

Who is Mother Nature REALLY? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll uncover how representations of Latin American landscapes have often reflected shifting social and political concerns.

Introduction: Mama Nature 00:00
The Latin American Landscape 0:43
The Landscape of Independence 2:11
"La Vorágine" 3:38
Eco-horror 5:18
Ecopoetry 7:22
Review & Credits 8:37

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:

Geopolitical history of Latin America: War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225 https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=paRg7m_G3tMAX4vW
Indigenous relationships to the land: Why Land Matters to Native Americans: Ep 5 of Crash Course Native American History https://youtu.be/L3WcELWzNYg
Christopher Columbus: Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners: Crash Course World History #21 https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=hzKIJz7J5yy3MoOB
Nature in art: The Hidden Meanings in Nature Art: Crash Course Art History #9 https://youtu.be/Z21elmpg-W0?si=t2W2ml2a89DJdwgN

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
__

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Evolution: It's a Thing - Crash Course Biology #20

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 15:21:49 -0000

Hank gets real with us in a discussion of evolution - it's a thing, not a debate. Gene distribution changes over time, across successive generations, to give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization.

Table of Contents
1) The Theory of Evolution 1:49
2) Fossils 2:42
3) Homologous Structures 4:36
4) Biogeography 7:02
5) Direct Observation 8:52

References:
http://www.hisl.ent.msu.edu/discussion/Miller_et_al_2006.pdf
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gingeric/PDGwhales/Whales.htm
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_16
http://www.thomsonedu.com/community/russell/Russell_19_401-418%2012.pdf
http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/28/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2555653/pdf/bullwho00311-0137.pdf
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080421-lizard-evolution.html

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Crash Course Preview: What Are the Possible Futures of AI?

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 14:19:05 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course: Futures of AI! Our host Kousha Navidar is here to guide you through the ins and outs of our potential AI futures.

AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.

Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:
-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?
-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?
-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?
-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more.
-How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?

P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
__

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Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols: Crash Course World History #20

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 13:16:21 -0000

If you're interested in learning more about the Russian government's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, check out this vlogbrothers video published on 3/15/2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMZYKxgc9TE

In which John Green teaches you how Russia evolved from a loose amalgamation of medieval principalities known as the Kievan Rus into the thriving democracy we know today. As you can imagine, there were a few bumps along the road. It turns out that our old friends the Mongols had quite a lot to do with unifying Russia. In yet another example of how surprisingly organized nomadic raiders can be, the Mongols brought the Kievan Rus together under a single leadership and concentrated power in Moscow. This set the stage for the various Ivans (the Great and the Terrible) to throw off the yoke and form a pan-Russian nation ruled by an autocratic leader. More than 500 years later, we still have autocratic leadership in Russia. All this, plus a rundown of some of our favorite atrocities of Ivan the Terrible, and a visit from Putin!

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Kievan Rus 0:44
Trade in 11th-century Kiev (Kyiv) 1:28
Leadership & Government in Kiev (Kyiv) 2:15
Mongol Rule and the Era of Appanage Russia 2:50
The Mongols' Influence on Russia 3:19
How did Moscow become so prominent? 4:29
An Open Letter to Basil and Basil 6:11
Ivan the Great (Ivan III) Expands Moscow's Power 6:58
Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) 7:45
Credits 10:10

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The History of AI Explained: Crash Course Futures of AI #1

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 12:13:38 -0000

In 1965, Moore’s Law predicted how computers would become smaller, faster, and more powerful than ever before. But here in 2025, we’re on the brink of an even bigger revolution. In this episode, we explore where AI's been, what it can do, and where it might be going. AI benchmarks and scaling laws help us understand what AI is, and could be, capable of.

Introduction 00:00
How did AI get here? 2:21
How do we measure AI progress? 7:47
How can we predict the future of AI? 9:10
Conclusion 11:29

About This Series:
AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.

Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:
-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?
-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?
-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?
-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more.
-How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?

P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Taxonomy: Life's Filing System - Crash Course Biology #19

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 11:10:54 -0000

Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.

References:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/table_kingdoms.htm
http://www.strangescience.net/linn.htm
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/01/19/090119fa_fact_lepore?currentPage=all
http://linnaeus.c18.net/Doc/lbio.php
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/History/02-Explaining-Life-Classification.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/autotroph.html
http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3
http://www.livescience.com/4593-greatest-mysteries-species-exist-earth.html
http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/3domain/3domain.html

Table of Contents
1) Taxonomy 0:00
2) Phylogenetic Tree 1:24
3) Biolography 2:26
4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:48
5) Homologous Traits 4:03
6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:56
7) Domains 5:48
a) Bateria 6:04
b) Archaea 6:44
c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54
-Plantae 7:56
-Protista 8:23
-Fungi 8:56
-Animalia 9:31

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The Modern Revolution: Crash Course Big History #8

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which Hank and John Green teach you a Crash Course on the modern revolution, and the upside of the progress that humanity has made in the last 500 years or so. And while there are two sides to every history, and many of these changes haven't been great for the other inhabitants of the Earth, collective learning has made life better for people in general. We'll talk about the European explorations, improvements in machinery, communications, and the harnessing of energy that improved the lot of human beings.

For more information, visit the Big History Project: http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Dictators and Resistance: Crash Course Latin American Literature #4

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 10:08:10 -0000

Strongmen, tyrants, and dictators have marked Latin America’s history — and literature — for hundreds of years. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we dive into some of the novels that have challenged authoritarian governments in real time and in their aftermath.

Introduction: The Power of Stories 00:00
Novelas de la Tierra 0:34
"Facundo" 2:16
Novelas del Dictador 4:58
“El Señor Presidente” 6:12
"In the Time of Butterflies" 8:09
Review & Credits 10:50

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0

To learn more, check out these videos:

Geopolitical history of Latin America: War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225 https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=paRg7m_G3tMAX4vW , Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=P4HnEqr1_rEP2YGv

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
__

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Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Crash Course World History #19

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 09:05:27 -0000

In which John Green discusses the strange and mutually beneficial relationship between a republic, the city-state of Venice, and an Empire, the Ottomans--and how studying history can help you to be a better boyfriend/girlfriend. Together, the Ottoman Empire and Venice grew wealthy by facilitating trade: The Venetians had ships and nautical expertise; the Ottomans had access to many of the most valuable goods in the world, especially pepper and grain. Working together across cultural and religious divides, they both become very rich, and the Ottomans became one of the most powerful political entities in the world. We also discuss how economic realities can overcome religious and political differences (in this case between Muslims and Christians), the doges of Venice, the sultans of the Ottoman empire, the janissaries, and the so-called slave aristocracy of the Ottoman Empire, and how money and knowledge from the Islamic world helped fuel and fund the European Renaissance. Also, there's a They Might Be Giants joke.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Venice 1:02
Venetian Trade 1:26
Piazza San Marco 2:48
Venetian Imports, Exports, & Economy 3:45
Venetian Government 4:25
The Ottomans 4:46
Ottoman Sultans 5:21
An Open Letter to Ottoman Eunuchs 7:15
The Ottomans' and Venetians' Relationship 8:12
Credits 9:38
--

If you really want to read about Ottoman eunuchs (warning: it's explicit), here you go: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch#Ottoman_Empire
--

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Hollywood, Pretendians, and Cultural Appropriation: Ep 23 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 08:02:43 -0000

Native people have been a part of Hollywood and wider American culture for centuries—but not always in the best ways. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we explore cultural appropriation, from redface to pretendians, and everything in between.

Introduction: Cowboys and Indians 00:00
Natives in Early Hollywood 0:36
Redface 2:00
Pretendians 3:30
Cultural Appropriation 6:24
Native Representation Today 8:22
Review & Credits 9:44

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV
__

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Population Genetics: When Darwin Met Mendel - Crash Course Biology #18

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0000

Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Table of Contents:
1. Population Genetics 1:05
2. Population 1:14
3. Allele Frequency 1:41
4. 5 Factors 1:58
a) Natural Selection 2:12
b) Natural Selection/Random Mating 2:27
c) Mutation 3:18
d) Genetic Drift 3:49
e) Gene Flow 4:05
5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 4:45
6. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 5:15
7. Hardy-Weinberg Equation 6:18

This video contains the following sound from Freesound.org:
"LucasGonze-HomestyleMandolin-17.aiff" by lucasgonze

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How is AI impacting society?: Crash Course Futures of AI #2

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 05:57:16 -0000

AI is taking over…or is it? And what would that look like anyway? The smarter it gets, the better AI will become at doing– basically everything. That could lead us to a bright future, with booming economies and tons of free time for us human beings. But it could also lead us to something a lot darker. In order to prepare for that transition, we have to try and understand what it would really look like.

Intro 00:00
How AI could lead to economic growth 2:22
How AI could transform society 4:35
How AI could concentrate wealth and power 7:21
Deepfakes 8:33
How close are we to the AI takeover? 11:04
Conclusion 12:35

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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Why are People Moving to Cities? Crash Course Geography #45

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

According to the UN, people living in urban places now outnumber those in rural areas — which is a pretty new phenomenon for many parts of the world. So today, we’re going to discuss factors that have led to this shift in populations from rural to urban residences (known as urbanization), and we’ll examine the historical and structural systems, like colonialism and Central Place Theory, that have influenced the cities we see today.

Correction:
3:20 On the map here we incorrectly placed the Shanghai marker where Guangzhou is located.

SOURCES

Knox and Marston 2016: Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. Pearson
Marston et all. 2017. World Regions in a Global Context. Peoples, Places and Environments. 6th Edition. Pearson.
Pacione, M. 2001. Urban Geography A Global Perspective. Routledge.
Derudder, Ben and Taylor, Peter. 2016. Change in the World City Network, 2000-2012. The Professional Geographer. 68(4) pages 624-637
https://ourworldindata.org/how-urban-is-the-world
https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization
https://www.kearney.com/global-cities/2020
China’s urban system
Chang. S. 1963. The Historical Trend of Chinese Urbanization. AAAG. Vol 53 (2)
Wu F. 2016. Emerging Chinese Cities: Implications for Global Urban Studies. The Professional Geographer, 68(2), pages 338–348
Sheppard. E. 2016. Emerging Asias: Introduction The Professional Geographer, 68(2), pages 309–312
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=CN
GUANGZHOU
https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/guangzhou-population

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Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade: Crash Course World History #18

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 04:54:32 -0000

In which John Green teaches you the history of the Indian Ocean Trade. John weaves a tale of swashbuckling adventure, replete with trade in books, ivory, and timber. Along the way, John manages to cover advances in seafaring technology, just how the monsoons work, and there's even a disembowelment for you Fangoria fans.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Indian Ocean Trade 0:58
Monsoon Winds 2:19
How did trading work along the Indian Ocean? 3:43
An Open Letter to Kota Rani 4:57
Benefits of seaborne trade 6:14
How Indian Ocean trade facilitated the spread of technology 7:06
Indian Ocean Trade and the spread of Islam 7:33
Geography, Politics, and Indian Ocean Trade 10:13

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What Can a Prophecy Tell Us About Climate Change?: Ep 24 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 03:51:49 -0000

What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge? And can it lead a path forward through climate change? In the final episode of Crash Course Native of American History, we’ll explore Native peoples’ expertise on the places they’ve lived for generations—and why it matters today.

Introduction: Climate in Alaska 00:00
Traditional Ecological Knowledge 0:36
Controlled Burns 2:45
Effects of Climate Change 4:29
Environmental Justice 5:59
Review & Credits 9:11

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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Evolutionary Development: Chicken Teeth - Crash Course Biology #17

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 02:49:05 -0000

Hank introduces us to the relatively new field of evolutionary developmental biology, which compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine their ancestral relationship and to discover how those processes evolved. Also, fruit flies with eyes on their legs and chickens with teeth!

References:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/47
http://blog.hmns.org/?tag=evo-devo
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/what-evo-devo.html
http://www.hoxfulmonsters.com/2008/05/setting-the-stage-for-hox-genes/
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evodevo_05
http://lepdata.org/monteiro/Evo-devo%20pdfs/Halder_et_al_1995.pdf
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5230538

Table of Contents
1) EVO/DEVO - 00:51
2) Developmental Regulatory Genes - 2:00
3) Gap Genes - 2:39
4) Homeobox / HOX Genes - 2:50
5) Messed-Up Experiment - 6:16
6) EVO/DEVO & Evolution - 7:26
a) Chickens with teeth - 8:14

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How close is the worst case scenario?: Crash Course Futures of AI #3

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 01:46:21 -0000

Way back in the 1930s, Alan Turing gave us a glimpse of the power of computers with a hypothetical machine that, he said, could solve any computable problem. But that was nonsense…right?

Well thanks to recursive progress, maybe not. In this episode, we’ll explore how humans (and computers) make progress, and try to find out just how powerful AI could become.

About This Series:
AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.

Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:
-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?
-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?
-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?
-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more.
-How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?

P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.

Intro 00:00
Chapter 1: Progress is recursive 00:57
Chapter 2: Google AlphaEvolve 02:08
Chapter 3: Superintelligence 06:58
Chapter 4: How close are we to superintelligence /actually/? 9:53
Conclusion 11:50

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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CrashCourse Biology Outtakes with Hank Green

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 00:43:38 -0000

Hank makes mistakes.

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Life under a dictatorship: Crash Course Latin American Literature #5

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 23:40:54 -0000

How do you honor the memory of something… that you don’t fully remember? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how writers who grew up in the shadow of dictatorships, civil war, and armed conflicts wrestle with the memory of violence, and the challenges of memory itself.

Introduction: Being a Kid 00:00
Literatura de los Hijos 0:54
"Formas de volver a casa" 1:51
Félix Bruzzone 4:18
"Roza, tumba, quema" 5:57
"La sangre de la aurora" 8:21
Review & Credits 10:47

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:

Geopolitical history of Latin America: War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225 https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=paRg7m_G3tMAX4vW , Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=P4HnEqr1_rEP2YGv

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Outtakes #4: Crash Course Psychology

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank has trouble saying the words and posits a world in which he can be hypnotized to forget things just so he can enjoy them all over again.

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Wait For It...The Mongols!: Crash Course World History #17

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 22:38:10 -0000

In which John Green teaches you, at long last, about the most exceptional bunch of empire-building nomads in the history of the world, the Mongols! How did the Mongols go from being a relatively small band of herders who occasionally engaged in some light hunting-gathering to being one of the most formidable fighting forces in the world? It turns out Genghis Khan was a pretty big part of it, but you probably already knew that. The more interesting questions might be, what kind of rulers were they, and what effect did their empire have on the world we know today? Find out, as John FINALLY teaches you about the Mongols.

Chapters:
Introduction: Wait for it...The Mongols! 00:00
What does it mean to be a nomad? 1:13
Genghis Khan 2:39
An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants 4:45
The Mongols After Genghis Khan 5:30
Five Reasons the Mongols Were Awesome 6:54
Five Reasons the Mongols Weren't Awesome 8:30
Credits 10:34

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The Alignment Problem Explained: Crash Course Futures of AI #4

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 21:35:27 -0000

Could a robot dedicated to a good cause end up destroying the world? Well, maybe. In this episode, we explore how powerful AI could end up causing us harm, regardless of what it’s programmed for. Between misuse by humans, alignment problems, and instrumental goals, even AI built with good intentions could end up breaking bad…unless we do something about it.

About This Series:
AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.

Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:
-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?
-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?
-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?
-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more.
-How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?

P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.

Intro 00:00
Chapter 1: How powerful AI systems can be misused 1:46
Chapter 2: Misalignment in advanced AI systems 3:36
Chapter 3: How instrumental goals could lead to rogue AI 6:43
Chapter 4: The case for the precautionary principle 9:30
Conclusion 11:49

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Animal Development: We're Just Tubes - Crash Course Biology #16

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 20:32:43 -0000

Hank discusses the process by which organisms grow and develop, maintaining that, in the end, we're all just tubes.

Table of Contents
1) Zygote 2:38
2) Morula 2:53
3) Blastula 3:25
4) Radial Symmetry 4:11
5) Bilateral Symmetry 4:26
6) Gastrulation 4:52
7) Blastopore 5:02
8) Gastrula 5:17
9) Protostomes & Deuterostomes 5:33
10) Germ Layers 6:22
a) Diploblastic 6:32
b) Triploblastic 6:44
11) Biolography 7:27

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Horror in Latin American literature: Crash Course Latin American Literature #6

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 19:30:00 -0000

Are you afraid of ghosts? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we pull back the curtain on the origins of Latin American horror, winding our way through (literal) ghost towns, haunted inns, and the eerie landscape of the Andes. Prepare to be spooked.

Introduction: A Ghost Story 00:00
Ghosts in Latin America 0:37
Pedro Páramo 1:22
The Female Gothic 4:54
Andean Gothic 6:51
The New Boom? 8:25
Review and Credits 9:16

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:

Geopolitical history of Latin America: War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225 https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=paRg7m_G3tMAX4vW , Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=P4HnEqr1_rEP2YGv
Ghosts & Religion: Religion, Spirituality, and the Supernatural: Crash Course Religions #18 https://youtu.be/Y-YbgGYsHig?si=Lkq-vGNfkyuDYe3Y, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism: Chinese Popular Religion https://youtu.be/JJ7fTJb6RHc?si=WmGBwurHb6MRlyJe
One Hundred Years of Solitude: 100 Years of Solitude Part 1: Crash Course Literature 306 https://youtu.be/YWNcCs__vQg?si=69kPZVKUib4XnYmK , 100 Years of Solitude Part 2: Crash Course Literature 307 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hlpv7nKt81A
“Facundo”: Latin American Lit 4 https://youtu.be/Nh4I1hMvubU,
The Andes Mountains: How do we Classify Climates? Crash Course Geography #13 https://youtu.be/xiGhLGFkJjo?si=_nPvWWfcfIIiaNJ4

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa: Crash Course World History #16

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 17:27:16 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Sub-Saharan Africa! So, what exactly was going on there? It turns out, it was a lot of trade, converting to Islam, visits from Ibn Battuta, trade, beautiful women, trade, some impressive architecture, and several empires. John not only covers the West African Malian Empire, which is the one Mansa Musa ruled, but he also discusses the Ghanian Empire and even gets over to East Africa as well to discuss the trade-based city-states of Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Zanzibar. In addition to all this, John considers emigrating to Canada.

Chapters:
Introduction: African History 00:00
King Mansa Musa of Mali 1:22
Mali, the Berbers, and the Islamization of West Africa 3:23
An Open Letter to Ibn Battula 5:29
The End of the Malian Empire 6:17
The Swahili Civilizations of Eastern Africa 6:55
Credits 9:56

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Emmett Till: Crash Course Black American History #34

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In 1955, a 14-year-old boy named Emmett Till was brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi. The white men who murdered him killed him for being Black. Emmett Till's mother chose to have an open casket funeral, and show the world what had been done to her son. Despite the killers being acquitted in court, the story of Emmett Till and the jarring images of his funeral shocked the nation and were a vital catalyst in turning the civil rights movement into a nationwide phenomenon.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Timothy B. Tyson, The Blood of Emmett Till (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
Charles Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (University of California Press, 2007).
Onwuachi-Willig, Angela. “The Trauma of the Routine: Lessons on Cultural Trauma from the Emmett Till Verdict.” Sociological Theory 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 335–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275116679864.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chicago-Defender
https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/emmett-Tills-death-inspired-movement
smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/emmett-Tills-casket-goes-to-the-smithsonian-144696940/#:~:text=Till's%20murder%20became%20a%20rallying,African%20American%20History%20and%20Culture.
https://www.nypl.org/collections/articles-databases/jet-magazine
https://www.jetmag.com/news/jet-65th-anniversary/
https://wamu.org/story/18/10/30/let-the-people-see-it-took-courage-to-keep-emmett-Tills-memory-alive/

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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How Should AI Be Governed?: Crash Course Futures of AI #5

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 16:24:32 -0000

The future of AI is maybe beautiful, maybe scary, and definitely uncertain. But we do have a say in how it rolls out. From lab policies to international treaties, people all over the world are trying to figure out how to build and use AI in safe, responsible ways. But when the stakes are so high, can humanity really come together and keep AI under control?

Chapter 1: Sam Altman & OpenAI 00:00
Chapter 2: Lab-level AI governance 1:13
Chapter 3: National AI Governance 5:07
Chapter 4: International AI Governance 8:40
Chapter 5: Review & Credits: 10:48

About This Series:
AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.

Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:
-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?
-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?
-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?
-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more.
-How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?

P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Crash Course World History Outtakes

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 15:21:49 -0000

In which John is a dirty, dirty boy. Hilarious.

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Borders and Identity: Crash Course Latin American Literature #7

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 14:19:05 -0000

Where you are affects WHO you are. But what happens when you cross a border? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how exile and border crossings have inspired Latin American authors to cross literary borders, too.

Introduction: Borders 00:00
Julio Cortázar 0:41
Chicanas & Gloria Anzaldúa 4:03
Yuri Herrera 6:54
Review & Credits 9:07

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://youtu.be/CgaZGbzFK1s?si=m1iUUW_yL8d2axmm
https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=PH_2g3yFvT6XhtW4
https://youtu.be/Wg9FWxpZeJ8?si=WqgiBPyiOI8vKQfQ&t=454
https://youtu.be/5Z55k7CqZ0c?si=e4AByR_FGzxoXakI
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNCG9Vq7vdvJytS-F-xGi7_

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Speciation: Of Ligers and Men - Crash Course Biology #15

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 13:16:21 -0000

Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum

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The Hidden Politics of Home: Crash Course Latin American Literature #8

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 12:13:38 -0000

Houses and homes occupy a lot of space in Latin American literature. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we make room for all the ways that our homes can represent who we are.

Introduction: Home 00:00
"The House on Mango Street" 0:23
"La Casa de los Espíritus" 3:06
"Las Malas" 6:42
Review & Credits 8:26

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0

To learn more, check out these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh4I1hMvubU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb1_4FPtzrI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mVuM6OeT7w
https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=PH_2g3yFvT6XhtW4
https://youtu.be/yaeiCEro0iU?si=pmF-KqcG7NzRyk1x
https://youtu.be/evUZ0MGseJY?si=Up3IjM1oZssSHE1_

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?: Crash Course World History #15

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 11:10:54 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Crusades embarked upon by European Christians in the 12th and 13th centuries. Our traditional perception of the Crusades as European Colonization thinly veiled in religion isn't quite right. John covers the First through the Fourth Crusades, telling you which were successful, which were well-intentioned yet ultimately destructive, and which were just plain crazy. Before you ask, no, he doesn't cover the Children's Crusade, in which children were provoked to gather for a Crusade, and then promptly sold into slavery by the organizers of said Crusade. While this story is charming, it turns out to be complete and utter hooey.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Crusades 00:00
What Prompted the Crusades? 0:44
The First Crusade 1:44
An Open Letter to Animal Crackers 2:45
What Motivated the Crusaders? 3:24
The Third Crusade 6:20
The Fourth Crusade 7:55
What Did The Crusades Accomplish? 9:50
Credits 10:50

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Crash Course World History #218

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Not to get all "great man," but Martin Luther changed all that. Martin Luther didn't like the corruption he saw in the church, especially the sale of indulgences, so he left the church and started his own. And it caught on! And it really did kind of change the world. The changes increased literacy and education, and some even say the Protestant Reformation was the beginning of Capitalism in Europe.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Crash Course Scientific Thinking Preview

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:08:10 -0000

Science is one of the best ways we have of understanding what’s going on around us. In Crash Course Scientific Thinking we’ll explore the foundational principles that underlie scientific thought.

Course Description
In 7 episodes, Crash Course Scientific Thinking will teach learners the foundational principles underlying scientific thought, pulling back the curtain on processes like peer review, interrogating what makes sources reliable (or not), unpacking how consensus is reached, and revealing how scientific understanding changes over time. Ultimately, learners will gain the ability to think more critically about the scientific information they encounter in their everyday lives.

Series Objectives
- Describe the dynamic, communal nature of science, articulating the roles of uncertainty and consensus.
- Explain the role of peer review and replication in science.
- Unpack the potential for bias and error in science and understand its self-correction mechanisms.
- Understand the role of specialization in scientific expertise.
- Interpret primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, and use lateral reading to verify claims.
- Understand basic statistical language used to describe scientific findings.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology #14

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 09:05:27 -0000

Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.

Table of Contents:
1) Natural Selection 1:27
2) Adaptation 2:56
3) Fitness 3:36
4) Four Principals 3:54
a. Variations 4:01
b. Heritability 4:17
c. "The Struggle for Existence" 4:25
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:00
5) Biolography 5:59
6) Modes of Selection 7:40
a. Directional Selection 8:17
b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56
c. Disruptive Selection 9:27
7) Sexual Selection 10:22
8) Artificial Selection 11:24

References:
http://curiosity.discovery.com/topic/ecology-and-evolution/10-examples-natural-selection.htm
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/05/03/charles-darwins-family-tree-tangled-with-inbreeding-early-death/
http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-press-releases/resources/Berra.pdf
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/Natural%20Selection/natural.htm
http://www.irac-online.org/about/resistance/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_09.html
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_30

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"20071104.forest.04.binaural.mp3" by dobroide
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland

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Family, Power, and Legacy: Crash Course Latin American Literature #9

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 08:02:43 -0000

Families are personal—but they can also be political. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll take a look at a 19th-century romance novel and poems about motherhood. But we’ll also compare two contemporary novels about growing up—and relating to the people who raised you.

Introduction: Mi Pueblito 00:00
Romance Novels 0:34
"Iracema" 1:14
Gabriela Mistral 3:18
"I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter" 5:29
"We the Animals" 7:57
Review & Credits 10:15

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0

To learn more, check out these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7cOwQQDI7o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU
https://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=PH_2g3yFvT6XhtW4
https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=P4HnEqr1_rEP2YGv
https://youtu.be/_wx8XooVlVs?si=g7sdCvl5zT_tRbr1

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
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The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0000

John Green teaches you about the so-called Dark Ages, which it turns out weren't as uniformly dark as you may have been led to believe. While Europe was indeed having some issues, many other parts of the world were thriving and relatively enlightened. John covers European Feudalism, the cultural blossoming of the Islamic world, and the scientific and artistic advances in China, all during these "Dark Ages." Along the way, John will raise questions about the validity of Europe's status as a continent, reveal the best and worst years of his life, and frankly state that science and religion were once able to coexist.

Chapters:
Introduction: Europe 00:00
Why are they called The Dark Ages? 0:50
Feudalism in Medieval Europe 1:34
Dar al Islam and the Umayyad Dynasty 3:55
The Abbasids 4:42
An Open Letter to Science and Religion 7:17
Spanish Muslims in Cordoba 8:15
China's Golden Age 9:12
Credits 10:52

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Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 05:57:16 -0000

Ever fallen for fake news on social media because it felt real? Or found yourself afraid to go in the ocean after watching too many videos about sharks? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we explore how cognitive bias shapes the way we think about the world, and how scientific thinking can help us overcome it.

Introduction: Earth as the Center 00:00
Recognizing Patterns 0:44
Common Cognitive Biases 2:44
Overcoming Bias Through Science 6:02
How to Combat Cognitive Bias 8:53
Review & Credits 10:18

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
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How Are Cities Organized? Crash Course Geography #46

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Today we’re going to take a closer look at cities, examine how these large complex structures are organized, and identify patterns and differences in land use around the world. We'll begin with a quick recap of Central Place Theory, then we'll show you how the Concentric Zone Model can approximate the development of Chicago in the United States. Then, we'll take a closer look at colonial port cities, the development of industrial zones and financial districts, and the patchwork of immigrant communities that often developed around them in cities such as Boston in the United States. And finally, we will end our episode with a look at the layout of some North African cities that are in earthquake-prone areas with hot and dry climates such as in Fez, Morocco.

SOURCES
Knox and Marston 2016: Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. Pearson
White et al 2008. Essentials of World Regional Geography 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill.
Latham, A et al 2009. Key Concepts in Urban Geography. Sage Publications, Inc.
Knox P.L and McCarthy L. 2012. Urbanization An Introduction to Urban Geography. 3rd Edition. Pearson
Knox P and Pinch S. 2000. Urban Social Geography An Introduction. 4th Edition. Prentice Hall
Pacione, M. 2001. Urban Geography A Global Perspective. Routledge

FEZ Morocco
http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/resources/sustainable-arabic-urban-design/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Fes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco
https://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/Radoine.htm

#CrashCourse #Geography #UrbanGeography

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Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts - Crash Course Biology #13

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 04:54:32 -0000

Hank gets down to the nitty-gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.

References:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Meiosis/meiosis.htm
https://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
http://sun.menloschool.org/~dspence/biology/mit_meiosis/chapt11_15.html

Table of Contents
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:10
2) Primary Oocytes 3:30
3) Primary Spermatocytes 3:30
4) Meiosis 2:59
5) Interphase I 4:04
6) Prophase I 4:37
a) Crossover 5:05
b) Recombination 5:05
7) Metaphase I 7:53
8) Anaphase I 8:05
9) Telophase I 8:19
10) Prophase II 8:57
11) Metaphase II 9:23
12) Anaphase II 9:28
13) Telophase II 9:32

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Statistical Thinking in Science: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #2

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 03:51:49 -0000

We’re all gonna die someday. But can statistics help us know when? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll learn how to interpret the statistics we see in our daily lives. And we’ll explore why we need stats to make informed judgments, be more precise about what we don’t know, and get closer to what we can know.

Introduction: When Will I Die? 00:00
Basic Statistics 0:44
Confidence Intervals 4:14
Relative & Absolute Risk 5:32
Correlation vs. Causation 7:22
Review & Credits 9:45

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
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Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars: Crash Course World History #13

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 02:49:05 -0000

In which John Green teaches you the history of Islam, including the revelation of the Qu'ran to Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, how the Islamic empire got its start, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and more. Learn about hadiths, Abu Bakr, and whether the Umma has anything to do with Uma Thurman (spoiler alert: it doesn't). Also, learn a little about the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how to tell if this year's Ramadan is going to be difficult for your Muslim friends. Let's try to keep the flame wars out of this reasoned discussion.

Chapters:
Introduction: Islam 00:00
Origins of Islam 0:51
The Quran 2:36
The Five Pillars of Islam 3:24
An Open Letter to the 72 Virgins 4:50
Sharia Law 5:48
Muhammad, Medina, and Mecca 6:27
The First Caliph 7:41
How did Islam spread? 9:26
The Islamic Empire's Legacy 11:10
Credits 12:18

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Animals and Shapeshifters: Crash Course Latin American Literature #10

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 01:46:21 -0000

Fish and insects and dogs—oh my! In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how all things fuzzy, buzzy, and ferocious can help us understand our own human nature.

Introduction: Latin American Animals 00:00
António Vieira 0:46
Alejo Carpentier 3:34
Pilar Quintana 6:27
Review & Credits 8:54

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyv-eJRRozs
https://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=YKQw_pwoCFj1i5dr
https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=pG_wBy4SXv07WiBZ
https://youtu.be/RzHbL0ByeLY?si=UB4lKEPd92WiOkOYJesuits:
https://youtu.be/5A_o-nU5s2U?si=lQYJP7Z3qvsa6pne

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
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Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated - Crash Course Biology #12

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 00:43:38 -0000

Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.

References:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/wifb-amm020812.php
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/mitosis/mitosis.htm
http://www.genome.gov/Images/press_photos/highres/97-300.jpg
http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n1/fig_tab/nrm0101_072a_F1.html
https://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html

Table of Contents
1. Mitosis 0:24
2. Interphase 3:27
a) Chromatin 3:37
b) Centrosomes 3:52
3) Prophase 4:14
a) Chromosomes 4:18
b) Chromatid 4:31
c) Microtubules 5:07
4) Metaphase 5:22
a) Motor Proteins 5:36
5) Biolography 6:13
6) Anaphase 9:00
7) Telophase 9:15
8) Cleavage 9:25
9) Cytokinesis 9:36

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3" by Percy Duke

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How has technology influenced literature?: Crash Course Latin American Literature #11

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 23:40:54 -0000

Science and technology have existed in Latin America since well before Columbus arrived. But how have they impacted literature? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll trace technological developments from the calendars of the Maya to WWII’s weapons of mass destruction—and uncover the creative ways writers have responded to them.

Introduction: A QR Poem 00:00
STEM in Pre-Colonial Latin America 0:53
"El Eclipse" 1:47
Creacionismo & "Altazor" 2:31
The Crack Movement 5:42
"En Busca de Klingsor" 6:51
Review & Credits 8:56

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=2YRF1cm8oVVUzIdn
https://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=LS1Whq_J_2MTZUPi
https://youtu.be/_XPZQ0LAlR4?si=GXluosRg_bZ2eHLg https://youtu.be/Objoad6rG6U?si=Muz0EIFL42c9JGdV https://youtu.be/Q78COTwT7nE?si=XQwXmgVwWyhuBct1
https://youtu.be/NgVSHXOz3jI?si=O4b5n0yPA-Hg83Ve
https://youtu.be/w4q1fG1vh5I?si=Pl7LyUA7eaNQCcdm

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
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Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century: Crash Course World History #12

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 22:38:10 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the fall of the Roman Empire, which happened considerably later than you may have been told. While the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarians in 476 CE, the Byzantines in Constantinople continued the Eastern Empire nicely, calling themselves Romans for a further 1000 years. Find out what Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine emperors were up to over there, and how the Roman Empire dragged out its famous Decline well into medieval times. In addition to all this, you'll learn about ancient sports riots and hipster barbarians, too.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Fall of Rome 00:00
Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians at the Gates 0:30
Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians Inside the Gates 2:07
An Open Letter to Pants 4:10
Constantine and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 5:10
Comparing the Eastern & Western Roman Empires 6:57
Emperor Justinian 8:08
The Orthodox and Catholic Churches Split 10:38
Credits 12:06

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How Does Science Really Work? The Myth of the Great Experiment: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #3

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 21:35:27 -0000

Sometimes experiments radically change our understanding of the world. But there’s much more to them than singular scientists. In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll learn why Louis Pasteur wasn’t a lone genius, and why it’s very difficult to design a study that gets us closer to the truth.

Introduction: A Lone Genius 00:00
The Scientific Community 0:32
Louis Pasteur & Germ Theory 1:20
Pasteur's Next Experiments 3:55
Observational Science 6:08
Ethical Experimentation 7:57
Review & Credits 9:34

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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DNA, Hot Pockets, and The Longest Word Ever: Crash Course Biology #11

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 20:32:43 -0000

Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins.

Table of Contents:
1) Transcription 2:12
A) Transcription Unit 3:00
B) Promoter 3:10
C) TATA Box 3:32
D) RNA Polymerase 4:12
E) mRNA 4:15
F) Termination signal 5:21
G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34
2) RNA Splicing 6:08
A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26
B) Exons & Introns 6:56
3) Translation 7:28
A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01
B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39
4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51
A) Primary Structure 11:11
B) Secondary Structure 11:23
C) Tertiary Structure 11:58
D) Quaternary Structure 12:44

Links to episodes referenced in the video:
DNA structure episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Animal cells episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
Fold-it SciShow episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdBcpdH_ptA

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"IMPresora.wav" by melack
"swishes.wav" by pogotron

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Peer Review and the Quest for Truth: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #4

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 19:30:00 -0000

In 2010, a NASA-backed study boldly announced that we’d found alien life right here on Earth. So where are all these aliens? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we search for the truth and learn how science is an ongoing quest for knowledge that double-checks itself through peer review.

Introduction: Alien Life? 00:00
Arsenic-based Life 0:28
Peer Review 2:55
Replication 6:06
The Scientific Process 8:25
Review & Credits 9:25

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
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Christianity from Judaism to Constantine: Crash Course World History #11

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 17:27:16 -0000

In which John Green teaches you the history of Christianity, from the beginnings of Judaism and the development of monotheism, right up to Paul and how Christianity stormed the Roman Empire in just a few hundred years. Along the way, John will cover Abram/Abraham, the Covenant, the Roman Occupation of Judea, and the birth, life, death, and legacy of Jesus of Nazareth. No flame wars! Let's keep the commentary civil.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Son of God 00:00
Understanding the Jewish Tradition 0:33
Herod and Herod - Roman Rulers 3:32
Jesus of Nazareth 4:27
Why did people believe Jesus was the Messiah? 5:56
Why was Jesus so influential? 7:39
Saul / Paul of Tarsus 8:38
An Open Letter to The Fish (Ichthys) 9:16
How Christianity Survived 10:13
Credits 11:06

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Biochemical Building Blocks and Fischer and Haworth Projections: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #48

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Although we've spent a lot of time in this series looking at human-made organic chemicals, the term "organic chemistry" was originally used to describe molecules isolated from living things. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we're going back to our roots to learn more about the best synthetic chemists: living things. We'll look at the biochemical building blocks of life from the nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups that make up DNA and RNA, to amino acids and lipids, and we'll learn how to convert between Fischer and Haworth projections of carbohydrates.

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Film and Literature: Crash Course Latin American Literature #12

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 16:24:32 -0000

Lights, camera, action! Latin American literature intersects with all sorts of other kinds of art, including film. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we explore the exchange between these two art forms, and how one piece of pop culture can help illuminate another.

Introduction: At the Movies 00:00
Manuel Puig 0:35
Alberto Fuguet & McOndo 3:49
Book-to-Screen Adaptations 7:46
Review & Credits 10:05

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN-Bd-H_TGq72CN50Fpv_JX
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOCicti5dwLAKuesMQVi7hw https://youtu.be/_wx8XooVlVs?si=eiluqnk2O5ww3Kdm https://youtu.be/ftcvaJCKVjs?si=vO15MjvCWidAd-J6
https://youtu.be/YWNcCs__vQg?si=_wYs4tsONAaVxhF0 https://youtu.be/Hlpv7nKt81A?si=yosEHoKHsVELOKBT

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks
__

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DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 15:21:49 -0000

Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.

References:
http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12.html
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM04/
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/dna-replication-steps.html
http://www.dnareplication.info/stepsofdnareplication.php
http://salamandercandy.wordpress.com/2007/02/05/how-much-dna/
http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html
http://www.fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/dna.pioneer.excerpt.htm
http://www.strangescience.net/rfranklin.htm

1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47

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Reading and Writing Latin American literature: Crash Course Latin American Literature #13

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:19:05 -0000

Literature doesn’t begin and end when a writer puts words on a page. In our final episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how literature is shaped by readers and translators, too.

Introduction: A Mysterious Library 00:00
"La Biblioteca de Babel" 0:39
Roberto Bolaño 3:14
Translation 5:20
Review & Credits 8:56

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0
To learn more, check out these videos:
https://youtu.be/YWNcCs__vQg?si=_wYs4tsONAaVxhF0 https://youtu.be/Hlpv7nKt81A?si=yosEHoKHsVELOKBT
https://youtu.be/rjhIzemLdos?si=tnGlApmXWA4Rz-em https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=SbYqxJZM54AHr0IR
https://youtu.be/MSYw502dJNY?si=861vBgxaeBf0sXaT

Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 13:16:21 -0000

In which John Green explores exactly when Rome went from being the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. Here's a hint: it had something to do with Julius Caesar, but maybe less than you think. Find out how Caesar came to rule the empire, what led to him getting stabbed 23 times on the floor of the senate, and what happened in the scramble for power after his assassination. John covers Rome's transition from city-state to dominant force in the Mediterranean in less than 12 minutes. Well, Rome's expansion took hundreds of years, he just explains it in under 12 minutes. The senate, the people, Rome, the caesarian section, the Julian calendar, and our old friend Pompey all make appearances, but NOT the Caesar Salad, as Julius had nothing to do with it.

Chapters:
Introduction: SPQR 00:00
The Roman Republic 0:41
The Roman Senate 1:15
Cincinnatus 2:14
Gaius Julius Caesar 2:49
The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 3:40
The End of Caesar's Reign 5:22
The Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus 6:26
An Open Letter to the Roman Senate 7:05
Power Struggles in the SPQR 8:07
The Punic Wars 9:47
Credits 11:44

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How Scientists Build Consensus: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #5

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 12:13:38 -0000

Why is there consensus around atoms existing, but not around if chocolate is good for you? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll explore why there are still things we don’t know about topics we know a lot about, and why scientific consensus is the closest thing to “the truth.”

Introduction: Scientific Uncertainty 00:00
Scientific Consensus 0:33
Atomic Theory 1:28
Nutrition Science 4:21
Changing Consensus 6:48
Scientific Consensus in our Everyday Lives 7:26
Review & Credits 9:14

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
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__

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Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 11:10:54 -0000

Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org.

References:
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/research/projects/DeptIII_Cultural_History_Heredity
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_ari.html
http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4465
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/science/29cnd-ear.html
http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearwax.html

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Aggression vs. Altruism: Crash Course Psychology #40

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In our final episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses the ideas of Aggression and Altruism. These two things are difficult to understand and explain so sit tight and get ready to run the gauntlet of human emotions.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Robber's Cave Experiment 00:00
Conflict vs. Cooperation 2:26
Aggression 3:05
Genetic, Neurological, & Biochemical Reasons for Aggression 3:26
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 4:24
Altruism 5:17
Bystander Effect 5:48
Why do we help others? 6:57
Social Exchange Theory & the Norm of Reciprocity 7:19
Social Responsibility Norm 7:47
Conflict & Self-Interest 8:09
Review & Credits 9:37

--
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Evaluating Sources and Fact Checking: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #6

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:08:10 -0000

Are you consuming a credit card’s worth of misinformation every week? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll learn how to check facts and evaluate sources, so we can figure out what science coverage to believe, and what to ignore.

Introduction: Eating Plastic? 00:00
WWF Study and Types of Sources 0:26
The SIFT Method 4:02
Evaluating Sources 7:42
Review & Credits 9:01

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: Crash Course World History #9

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 09:05:27 -0000

The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: In which John Green teaches you about the so-called Silk Road, a network of trade routes where goods such as ivory, silver, iron, wine, and yes, silk were exchanged across the ancient world, from China to the West. Along with all these consumer goods, things like disease and ideas made the trip as well. As is his custom, John ties the Silk Road to modern life, and the ways that we get our stuff today.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Journey of a T-Shirt 00:00
What Was the Silk Road? 1:03
Nomads, Caravans, and Traders 3:31
The Rise of Silk 4:36
An Open Letter to Billionaires 5:41
Economic Impact of the Silk Road 6:22
The Silk Road and Buddhism 6:40
The Silk Road and Disease 8:20
Credits 9:22

Resources:
Life Along the Silk Road by Susan Whitfield: https://bit.ly/3xmfdTv
The Silk Road: 2000 Years in the Heart of Asia: https://bit.ly/36dGTic

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What Happens When Science Clashes with the Public?: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #7

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 08:02:43 -0000

We know smoking causes cancer. But the journey to that knowledge is way wilder than you think. In our last episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll explore what happens when scientific research clashes with public opinion, individual values, and corporate interests.

Introduction: Smoking Causes Cancer 00:00
Empirical Evidence 0:39
Researching Lung Cancer 1:54
Manufactured Doubt 4:15
The Fall of Tobacco 7:03
Individual Choice & Values 7:36
Takeaways from the War on Smoking 8:31
Review & Credits 10:43

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
__

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Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0000

Hank explains the extremely complex series of reactions whereby plants feed themselves on sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, and also create some by products we're pretty fond of as well.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org.

Citations:
http://biology.about.com/od/plantbiology/a/aa050605a.htm
http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21598/
http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html
http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html
http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/plant-biology-ecology/photosynthesis/
http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotesl3/a/photosynthesis_4.htm
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/calvin.html
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/thermo/probability.html

Table of Contents:
1) Water 1:16
2) Carbon Dioxide 1:32
3) Sunlight/Photons 1:43
4) Chloroplasts 1:57
5) Light Reaction/Light-Dependent 2:42
a. Photosystem II 3:33
b. Cytochrome Complex 5:54
c. ATP Synthase 6:16
d. Photosystem I 7:06
6) Dark Reactions/Light-Independent 7:55
a. Phase 1 - Carbon Fixation 8:50
b. Phase 2 - Reduction 11:31
c. Phase 3 - Regeneration 12:02

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Crash Course Geology Preview

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 05:57:16 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Geology! Over the course of 25 episodes, Sage will introduce you to the incredible geological forces, cycles, and processes that shape our world. This series will explore how geology touches all of our lives — and connects us to a much bigger story.

Course Description
In 25 episodes, we’re going to learn about geology—the study of Earth’s physical structure and processes. Our host, Sage, will teach you about the geological forces and cycles that shape our planet’s past, present, and future.

This content is based on an introductory university-level curriculum. By the end of this course, you should be able to:

Trace Earth’s development from its earliest periods to its current structure
Understand the forces of plate tectonics and how they shape Earth’s landscape
Describe the formation of geologic elements like minerals, rocks, and gems
Identify geologic forces and cycles that impact the earth, while dispelling myths about extreme geological hazards
Learn what geology reveals about Earth’s distant past and what it can teach us about our current changing climate
Explore the geology of other planets within the context of Earth’s unique and common qualities and phenomena
Become familiar with different specialities within geology and what different types of geologists do

Key texts cited include:
Marshak, Stephen. 2021. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Seventh Edition.
Babcock, Loren E. 2009. Gemstones and Precious Metals.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
__

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How to College: Preview

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Welcome to Crash Course: How to College! This 15 episode series is part of the Study Hall Program; a partnership between Crash Course and ASU. Dr. Erica Brozovsky (from PBS's Otherwords) hosts and breaks down how to apply for, succeed at, and graduate from college. We hope you'll join us for this journey and check out our all new Study Hall Channel (linked above) where you can watch Fast Guides about college majors and even more series.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Alexander the Great: Crash Course World History #8

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 04:54:32 -0000

In which you are introduced to the life and accomplishments of Alexander the Great, his empire, his horse Bucephalus, the empires that came after him, and the idea of Greatness. Is greatness a question of accomplishment, of impact, or are people great because the rest of us decide they're great?

Also discussed are Kim Kardashian and the Situation, gender bias in history, Catherine the Great's death (not via horse love), the ardent love other generals--from Pompey the Great to Napoleon--had for Alexander, and a bit of Persian history.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
What Makes Historical Figures So 'Great?' 1:19
The Life of Alexander the Great 2:01
Death & Legacy of Alexander the Great 4:28
The Legend of Alexander the Great 6:11
An Open Letter to the Ladies 7:29
What Makes Alexander So Great? 8:34
Credits 10:29

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Intro to Geology: Crash Course Geology #1

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 03:51:49 -0000

There’s no place like Earth—and we’ve got the planet’s spectacular, one-of-a-kind geology to thank for it. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll explore how geology touches our lives, helps us solve mysteries about the planet’s past and its future, and puts our world life in perspective.

Introduction: More Than Rocks 00:00
What is Geology 0:40
Fall Lines and Settlement Patterns 3:37
Jobs of Geologists 5:58
Review and Credits 7:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
__

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ATP and Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 02:49:05 -0000

In which Hank does some push-ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.

Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33

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How did Earth form?: Crash Course Geology #2

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 01:46:21 -0000

What can a moon rock tell us about Earth’s distant past? All kinds of stuff! Like where its water came from, how it got its moon, and what its birth might have looked like. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll stroll down memory lane with the Earth’s baby book, and learn about some of the ways it might have formed.

Introduction: An Earth Rock on the Moon 00:00
How the Earth Formed 0:36
How the Moon Formed 3:39
Where Earth's water came from 6:53
Where Earth's atmosphere came from 8:01
Review and Credits 8:48

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius: World History #7

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:43:38 -0000

In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state.

Chapters:
Introduction: China 00:00
Dynasties of China 0:39
The Mandate of Heaven 3:08
The Qin Dynasty 4:59
Confucius and Confucianism 6:32
An Open letter to the Xia Dynasty 8:21
Ren and Li 9:17
The Problem with Early Written Chinese History 9:57
Credits 11:40

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Earth's Crust and Mantle Explained: Crash Course Geology #3

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 23:40:54 -0000

Nobody has made it to the center of the Earth—but not for lack of trying. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll journey through the crust and mantle that make up ⅔ of our planet’s insides. We’ll uncover how these layers affect our lives on the surface, and how geologists discover more about them without traveling into Earth’s depths themselves.

Introduction: Kola Superdeep Borehole 00:00
Project Mohole 0:40
The Earth's Crust 3:23
The Earth's Mantle 5:33
Review & Credits 9:15

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
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The Mughal Empire and Historical Reputation: Crash Course World History #217

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Mughal Empire, which ruled large swaths of the Indian Sub-Continent from 1526 to (technically) 1857. While John teaches you about this long-lived Muslim empire, he'll also look at the idea of historical reputation and how we view people from history. Namely, he'll look at the reputations of Mughal emperors Akbar I and Aurangzeb. Traditionally, Akbar I is considered the emperor that made the Mughal Empire great, and Aurangzeb gets the blame for running the whole thing into the ground and setting it up for decline. Is that really how it was, though? It turns out, it's complicated.

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Plant Cells: Crash Course Biology #6

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 22:38:10 -0000

Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.

Watching this after 2023? Here's an updated video about plant cells from Crash Course Botany: https://youtu.be/y9BLCfcUcFg

Table of Contents annotations:
1. Introduction 0:00
2. Plant Evolution 0:56
3. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells 2:33
4. Cellulose and Lignin 3:58
5. Plastids and Chloroplasts 7:05
6. Central Vacuole 8:10

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

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What’s at the center of the earth?: Crash Course Geology #4

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 21:35:27 -0000

The crust and the mantle are cool, but Earth’s real hero is its core, which helps protect us from all kinds of stuff. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll take a journey to the center of the Earth to meet our hero, the core.

Introduction: A Cold War Mystery 00:00
Discovering the Core 0:47
The Magnetosphere 3:54
Solar Events 5:38
Shifting Magnetic Poles 7:43
Review & Credits 8:58

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katrix , Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Michael Maher, Chelsea S, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Toni Miles, Evan Nelson, Chuck Smith, Stephen Akuffo, Reed Spilmann, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Quinn Harden, UwU, Mike Cumings, Jr., Brandon Thomas, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, DexcilaDou, Ken Davidian, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, AThirstyPhilosopher ., NassauLinda, Jason Terpstra, Leah H., oranjeez, Allison Wood, Emily Beazley, Roger Harms, Rie Ohta, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Triad Terrace, Jennifer Killen, Joseph Ruf, Trevin Beattie, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Rizwan Kassim, team dorsey, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Scott Harrison, Laurel Stevens, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Ian Dundore, Ken Penttinen, Erminio Di Lodovico, Constance Urist, Samantha, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Eric Koslow, Evol Hong, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Tandy Ratliff, Matt Curls, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Jason Rostoker, Krystle Young, Les Aker, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 20:32:43 -0000

In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Vedas 0:55
The Caste System 1:33
Dharma 2:40
Samsara, Moksha, and Karma 3:33
Buddhism 5:18
Chutes and Ladders 8:04
Ashoka 9:18
Hinduism 11:04
Credits 11:47

Resources:
India: A History by John Keay: https://bit.ly/3uEgVxE
The Bhagavad Gita: https://bit.ly/3O8A96l
The Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and Rig Veda, all-in-one edition: https://bit.ly/3xqP85N

Credits:
Executive Producer: John Green
Producer: Stan Muller
Writer and historian: Raoul Meyer
Script Supervisor: Danica Johnson
Music: Jason Weidner

Thought Bubble is a product of the Smart Bubble Society: http://dft.ba/-smartbubble
the Smart Bubble Society is:
Suzanna Brusikiewicz
Jonathon Corbiere
Nick Counter
Allan Levy
James Tuer
Adam Winnik

Set Design: Donna Sink
Props: Brian McCutcheon

Photos:
David Shankbone
ClipWorks

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How Do Minerals Form?: Crash Course Geology #5

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 19:30:00 -0000

Minerals are amazing and they’re all around us, in the food we eat and even in our very bones. But what actually is a mineral? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll learn the basics of mineral identification and uncover the surprising connections between minerals and life itself.

Introduction: Table Salt 00:00
What is a Mineral 0:34
Identifying Minerals 2:35
Minerals and Life 7:25
Review & Credits 8:48

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katrix , Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Michael Maher, Chelsea S, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Toni Miles, Evan Nelson, Chuck Smith, Stephen Akuffo, Reed Spilmann, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Quinn Harden, UwU, Mike Cumings, Jr., Brandon Thomas, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, DexcilaDou, Ken Davidian, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, AThirstyPhilosopher ., NassauLinda, Jason Terpstra, Leah H., oranjeez, Allison Wood, Emily Beazley, Roger Harms, Rie Ohta, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Triad Terrace, Jennifer Killen, Joseph Ruf, Trevin Beattie, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Rizwan Kassim, team dorsey, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Scott Harrison, Laurel Stevens, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Ian Dundore, Ken Penttinen, Erminio Di Lodovico, Constance Urist, Samantha, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Eric Koslow, Evol Hong, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Tandy Ratliff, Matt Curls, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Jason Rostoker, Krystle Young, Les Aker, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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In Da Club - Membranes and Transport: Crash Course Biology #5

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 17:27:16 -0000

Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.

"Concert" music used with permission from Chameleon Circuit.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

Table of Contents time codes:
1) Passive Transport - 1:17
2) Diffusion - 1:25
3) Osmosis - 2:12
4) Channel Proteins- 4:37
5) Active Transport - 4:58
6) ATP - 5:37
7) Transport Proteins - 6:19
8) Biolography - 6:37
9) Vesicular Transport - 9:02
10) Exocytosis - 9:21
11) Endocytosis - 9:50
12) Phagocytosis - 9:57
13) Pinocytosis - 10:29
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 10:48

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What is Urban Planning? Crash Course Geography #47

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Today we’re going to talk about urban planning — which is the design and regulation of space within urban areas. Urban planning helps weave together economic, social, and environmental goals within a region from work, to play, and living, and unsurprisingly, has a tremendous influence on people’s lives! So today, we’re going to discuss some models we’ve used to describe existing cities such as the Latin American Model, take a look at a planned city and the capital of Brazil, Brasília, and look at the impacts of the US highway system and redlining on minority Americans starting in the 1960s.

#CrashCourse #Geography #UrbanGeography

SOURCES

Planning History
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/chicago-fire-1871-and-great-rebuilding/
Latin America/Brazil
https://worldgeo.pressbooks.com/chapter/middle-and-south-america/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Latin-American-City-Model-according-to-Ford-1996_fig1_305433398
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Model-of-Latin-American-urban-structural-development-Source-Borsdorf-Baehr-and_fig1_281024561
https://www.academia.edu/186124/Aztec_City_Planning
https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/bright-side-indigenous-urbanization-biodiversity/1043231/
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2017-0010/html
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445/lother=es
http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/vrp/holanda.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/place/Brasilia
https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20632277
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170920113346.htm
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2017-0010/html
https://www.academia.edu/186124/Aztec_City_Planning
http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-SAA-06.pdf
Urban Renewal/Redlining
Sharma, Madhuri (2018) "Community Perspectives on Neighborhood Characteristics and Home-Buying Decisions," International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research: Vol. 5 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ijger/vol5/iss1/3
https://www.cleveland.com/architecture/2017/05/despite_legacy_of_redlining_an.html
https://www.ideastream.org/news/redlining-racism-still-hurt-property-values-and-in-turn-school-funding
https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/what-the-history-of-one-cleveland-neighborhood-can-teach-us-about-race-and-housing-inequality/Content?oid=9031621
https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration
https://www.nps.gov/CRMJournal/Winter2006/view1.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal
General Sources
For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/
For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/
Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.
Hobbs, Joseph J. Fundamental of World Regional Geography, 4th ed. Cengage. 2017.
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The Rock Episode: Crash Course Geology #6

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:24:32 -0000

Where do rocks come from? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll discover how the rock cycle transforms one type of rock into another, while recycling Earth’s materials over and over again.

Introduction: Los Cuernos del Paine 00:00
Sedimentary Rock 2:25
Igneous Rock 4:02
Metamorphic Rock 5:20
The Rock Cycle 6:19
Review & Credits 7:56

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Katrix , Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Michael Maher, Chelsea S, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Toni Miles, Evan Nelson, Chuck Smith, Stephen Akuffo, Reed Spilmann, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Quinn Harden, UwU, Mike Cumings, Jr., Brandon Thomas, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, DexcilaDou, Ken Davidian, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, AThirstyPhilosopher ., NassauLinda, Jason Terpstra, Leah H., oranjeez, Allison Wood, Emily Beazley, Roger Harms, Rie Ohta, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Triad Terrace, Jennifer Killen, Joseph Ruf, Trevin Beattie, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Rizwan Kassim, team dorsey, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Scott Harrison, Laurel Stevens, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Ian Dundore, Ken Penttinen, Erminio Di Lodovico, Constance Urist, Samantha, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Eric Koslow, Evol Hong, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Tandy Ratliff, Matt Curls, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Jason Rostoker, Krystle Young, Les Aker, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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The Persians and Greeks: Crash Course World History #5

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 15:21:49 -0000

In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course, we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Persian Empire 0:39
An Open Letter to Aristophanes 3:33
Ionian Greek City-States 5:04
The Persian Wars 5:44
The Peloponnesian War 7:21
Did the Right Side Win the Persian Wars? 9:09
Credits 11:09

Resources:
The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u
Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX
Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff

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How Do Gems Form?: Crash Course Geology #7

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 14:19:05 -0000

For most of human history, one thing has been true – we LOVE shiny things. Gems are the crown jewels (pun intended) of geology, and for thousands of years, we’ve wanted to know all about them. In today’s episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll explore some of those burning questions, like, what are they? Where do they come from? And are they actually that special?

Learn more with these resources:
Human Rights Watch: The Hidden Cost of Jewelry https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/08/hidden-cost-jewelry/human-rights-supply-chains-and-responsibility-jewelry
Gemological Institute of America: The Color of Responsibility: Ethical Issues and Solutions in Colored Gemstones
https://www.gia.edu/doc/GG-SU16-Archuleta.pdf

Introduction: King Tut's Space Gem 00:00
What is a Gem 0:38
Gem Qualities 3:45
The Gem Trade 6:46
Review and Credits 8:42

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells: Crash Course Biology #4

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 13:16:21 -0000

Hank tells us about the city of Eukaryopolis - the animal cell that is responsible for all the cool things that happen in our bodies.

Table of Contents time codes
1) Robert Hooke 1:59
2) Cilia/Flagella 2:52
3) Cell Membrane 3:32
4) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton/Centrosomes 3:58
5) Endoplasmic Reticulum 4:41
6) Ribosomes 5:45
7) Golgi Apparatus 6:00
8) Lysosomes 6:47
9) Nucleus 7:06
10) Mitochondria 9:14

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Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 12:13:38 -0000

Diamonds are a girl’s best friend. But they’re so much more than that. They’re sources of power, wealth, and conflict. They’re tickets into Earth’s deep, ancient past. (And they’re super duper cursed. Well, some of them. Maybe.) Join us to learn more about where these strange gems come from, and the hold they’ve had over us for thousands of years.

Learn more with these resources:
International Gem Society: Conflict-Free Diamonds: What Does it Mean? https://www.gemsociety.org/article/conflict-free-diamonds/
Human Rights Watch: The Hidden Cost of Jewelry https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/08/hidden-cost-jewelry/human-rights-supply-chains-and-responsibility-jewelry
Time: Blood Diamonds https://time.com/blood-diamonds/

Introduction - Curse of the Hope Diamond 00:00
How a Diamond Forms 0:38
Diamonds Aren't that Rare 3:28
Lab-Grown Diamonds 6:01
Blood Diamonds 7:49
Review & Credits 9:10

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 11:10:54 -0000

In which John covers the long, long history of ancient Egypt, including the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, and even a couple of intermediate periods. Learn about mummies, pharaohs, pyramids, and the Nile with John Green.

Chapters:
Introduction: Ancient Egypt 00:00
How The Nile Shaped Egypt 1:57
The Old Kingdom of Egypt 4:02
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt 6:29
The New Kingdom of Egypt 7:54
An Open Letter to King Tut 9:18
Credits 11:14

Resources:
Mummies!: https://goo.gl/BvAdmj
Pyramids!: http://goo.gl/aCov2j

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Prejudice and Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tackles some difficult topics dealing with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
There's a lot here, so let's get started.

Here's a link to the Implicit Association Test we mentioned in this episode: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Amadou Diallo 00:00
Implicit Bias 1:11
Prejudice, Stereotyping, & Discrimination 2:03
Dual-Process Theory 3:59
Implicit Association Test (IAT) 4:25
Discrimination Studies 6:04
Just-World Phenomenon 7:07
In-Group/Out-Group Phenomenon 7:29
Review & Credits 8:52
--
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How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:08:10 -0000

Drop by drop, water has the power to break rock and create whole new landforms. But how? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll trace how the water cycle works and how this humble geological force sculpts the land as we know it—faster than you might think.

Introduction: Channeled Scablands 00:00
Weathering and Erosion 0:44
Groundwater 4:21
Floods 6:04
Review & Credits 9:19

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 09:05:27 -0000

Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What is Plate Tectonics: Crash Course Geology #10

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:02:43 -0000

A long, long time ago, Earth was home to one giant super continent. So, what happened? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll break down plate tectonics and how it shapes Earth’s past, present, and future.

Introduction: The Ring of Fire 00:00
Plate Tectonics 0:34
Continental Drift 4:39
Future Continental Shifts 7:46
Review & Credits 8:46

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Office Hours: Water

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0000

Hank answers some questions and responds to some concerns about his video on water. Watch that video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVT3Y3_gHGg

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How Do Mountains Form?: Crash Course Geology #11

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 05:57:16 -0000

What can lift ocean creatures up to the top of Everest, bend rocks, cause earthquakes, and sink parts of continents under the sea? Join us on this week’s episode of Crash Course Geology as we investigate how some of the coolest geological forces around make mountains, faults, and may even one day turn Africa into a series of islands!

Introduction: Mount Everest Fossils 00:00
Creating Faults 0:57
How Mountains are Made 4:05
How Valleys are Made 6:45
Review & Credits 8:24

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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To College or Not To College | Crash Course | How to College

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

What is college? And should you go? In our first episode of Crash Course How to College, Erica talks us through some of the reasons you may or may not want to go after that degree.

Dr. Erica Brozovsky (from PBS's Otherwords) hosts and breaks down how to apply for, succeed at, and graduate from college. Check out our all new Study Hall Channel (linked above) where you can watch Fast Guides about college majors and even more series.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall
__________________________________________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:28 - What is college? + Types of colleges
5:42 - Why be an educated person
8:06 - Do you want to go to college?
__________________________________________________________________________
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 04:54:32 -0000

In which John presents Mesopotamia and the early civilizations that arose around the Fertile Crescent. Topics covered include the birth of territorial kingdoms, empires, Neo-Assyrian torture tactics, sacred marriages, ancient labor practices, the world's first law code, and the great failed romance of John's undergrad years.

Chapters:
Introduction: Ancient Mesopotamia 00:00
The City of Uruk 2:20
The Importance of Writing 4:03
Hammurabi 6:26
The Assyrians 8:08
An Open Letter to the Word 'Awesome' 9:55
What Happened to the Assyrians? 10:40
Credits 11:23

Resources:
The British Museum's Mesopotamia site: http://goo.gl/Fn4dN5
The Epic of Gilgamesh: http://goo.gl/9i7svQ or get a hard copy at https://goo.gl/iKsCDD
Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians by Enrico Ascalone: http://goo.gl/iL487J
The Mesopotamians by TMBG: https://goo.gl/1D4lXo

Credits:
Written by Raoul Meyer and John Green
Produced by Stan Muller
Animations by Smart Bubble Society: https://www.thoughtcafe.ca/
Thought Bubble team:
Suzanna Brusikiewicz
Jonathon Corbiere
Allan Levy
Jin Kyung Myung
James Tuer
Adam Winnik
Original Music: Jason Weidner
Script Supervisor & Doll Costumer: Danica Johnson
Set Design: Donna Sink
Props: Brian McCutcheon

Photos courtesy of:
Mbzt
Hardnfast
Marie Lan-Nguyen

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The Deepest Point in the World: Crash Course Geology #12

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 03:51:49 -0000

There’s a lot going on under the sea, and we’re not talking about singing crabs! From hydrothermal vents to trenches so deep you could fit Mount Everest inside them with room to spare. Come with us as we explore marine geology, the science of “what the heck is going on with the ocean floor?"

Introduction: Deep Sea Life 00:00
Oceanography 0:44
The Ocean Floor 1:51
Hydrothermal Vents & Trenches 4:20
Ocean Currents 7:48
Review & Credits 10:12

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
__

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Water - Liquid Awesome: Crash Course Biology #2

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 02:49:05 -0000

Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.

Review:
Re-watch = 00:00
Introduction = 00:42
Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds = 01:38
Cohesion & surface tension = 02:46
Adhesion = 03:31
Hydrophilic substances = 04:42
Hydrophobic substances = 05:14
Henry Cavendish = 05:49
Ice Density = 07:45
Heat Capacity = 09:10

Citations:
http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/youthdevelopment/components/0328-02.html
http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html
http://www.hometrainingtools.com/properties-water-science-teaching-tip/a/1274/
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o7.htm
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/chemistry/biography/cavendish.htm
http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/HenryCavendish.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/030/000083778/
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ca-Ch/Cavendish-Henry.html

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Volcanoes Explained: Crash Course Geology #13

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 01:46:21 -0000

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Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:43:38 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where, and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.

Chapters:
Introduction: Why Do We Study History? 00:00
What Does 'Civilization' Mean? 0:54
Characteristics of a Civilization 1:52
The Indus Valley Civilization 3:03
An Open Letter to Historians 5:57
What Happened to the Indus Valley Civilization? 6:52
Credits 9:00

Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus - https://goo.gl/NoYqkY
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - https://goo.gl/lo9ehY
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Earthquakes Explained: Crash Course Geology #14

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:40:54 -0000

Can we predict earthquakes before they happen? In this episode, we’ll learn the basics of how and why earthquakes occur, explore how seismic waves help us understand earthquake risks, and discover how we might prevent and protect ourselves from the most damaging shocks.

Introduction: Earthquakes 00:00
The Cause of Earthquakes 0:36
Measuring Earthquakes 4:15
Can We Predict Earthquakes 6:51
Review & Credits 9:49

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
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Islam and Politics: Crash Course World History 216

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about how Islam has interacted with politics during its history, and how it continues to do so today. Islamist movements are in the news a lot lately, but how did that happen. John will point out that Islam has always been tied to political movements. Mohammed was not only a religious leader, he led an empire. So how did this lead to modern movements like ISIS? Islam has traditionally been a pretty egalitarian religion, and its scriptures value peace, so it is surprising in a lot of ways that such a violent fundamentalist movement would come out of it. What is a caliphate? What is a Caliph? John will teach you all about it. Take it easy in the comments, y'all. Be kind and respectful to each other.

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Carbon... SO SIMPLE: Crash Course Biology #1

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:38:10 -0000

Check out our new-and-improved Crash Course Biology series here! https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

And thus begins the most revolutionary biology course in history. Come and learn about covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. What about electron orbitals, the octet rule, and what does it all have to do with a madman named Gilbert Lewis? It's all contained within.

Chapter Timecode:
1. Intro = 00:00
2. Carbon = 01:51
3. Electron Shells = 04:23
4. The Octet Rule = 06:52
5. Gilbert Lewis = 05:09
6. Covalent Bonds = 04:41
7. Polar & Non-Polar Covalent Bonds = 07:58
8. Ionic Bonds = 08:29
9. Hydrogen Bonds = 10:11

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Is it Possible to Prepare for an Earthquake?: Crash Course Geology #15

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:35:27 -0000

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The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:32:43 -0000

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The Mystery Behind Earth’s Missing Rocks: Crash Course Geology #16

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:30:00 -0000

How did over one billion years of history go missing? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll tour the Grand Canyon and discover how geologists read its rocky layers like chapters in Earth’s biography. We’ll also explore theories about why some of those chapters have disappeared.

Introduction - The Grand Canyon 00:00
Strata and Sediment 0:30
Understanding Earth’s Geological Record 3:39
Unconformities 7:30
Review & Credits 10:08

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
b.sav, Martin G. Diller, Scezumin, Johnathan Williams, Mike Cumings, Jr., Allison Wood, NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, DexcilaDou, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Scezumin, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Emily Beazley, Andrew Woods, DexcilaDou, Roger Harms, UwU, Johnathan Williams, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Shruti S, Barbara Pettersen, Gina Mancuso, Dalton Williams, Toni Miles, Mike Cumings, Jr., Quinn Harden, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Rie Ohta, Chuck Smith, Allison Wood, David Fanska, Katrix , Chelsea S, b.sav, Brandon Thomas, Steve Segreto, Elizabeth LaBelle, Reed Spilmann, Leah H., NassauLinda, Kevin Knupp, Martin G. Diller, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Laurel Stevens, Jason Buster, Alan Bridgeman, Samantha, Jason Rostoker, Breanna Bosso, Caleb Weeks, Joseph Ruf, Ken Penttinen, Luke Sluder, Wai Jack Sin, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Matt Curls, Stephen McCandless, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Tandy Ratliff, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Rizwan Kassim, Katie Dean, Ian Dundore, team dorsey, Erminio Di Lodovico, Barrett, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, Emily T, Constance Urist, Jennifer Killen, Thomas, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Indija-ka, Evol Hong, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Les Aker, Tanner Hedrick
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott: Crash Course Black American History #35

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

For 381 days in 1955 and 1956, the Black citizens of Montgomery, Alabama boycotted the city bus system. Black riders had been mistreated on public transit all over the country for decades, and the national coverage of the Montgomery Bus Boycott intensified the public conversation about Civil Rights. By the time the Supreme Court decided that discrimination on buses was a violation of the 14th amendment, boycott leaders like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr were household names and the Civil Rights movements were on the national stage.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Sources and References
Jo Ann Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987).
Jeanne TheoHarris, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. (Beacon Press, 2015)
Daina Ramey Berry and Kali Nicole Gross, A Black Women’s History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2020).
Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom; the Montgomery Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1958.
https://www.nps.gov/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott.htm

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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Social Influence: Crash Course Psychology #38

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Why do people sometimes do bad things just because someone else told them to? And what does the term Groupthink mean? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about the ideas of Social Influence and how it can affect our decisions to act or to not act.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Milgram's Obedience Experiment 0:31
Social Influence & Conformity 3:22
Asch's Conformity Experiment 4:08
Cultural Expectations & Normative Social Influence 5:21
Social Facilitation 5:59
Social Loafing 6:19
Deindividuation & Group Polarization 6:51
Groupthink 7:58
Review & Credits 9:06

--
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How did Detroit Become the Motor City? | Industrial Geography | Crash Course Geography #48

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From shipping routes to airplane traffic to even the Internet, transportation planning is all about designing optimal transportation networks to move goods, information, and people around the globe. Today, we're going to discuss industrial geography by tracing the story of the automotive landscape as it formed across the manufacturing belt of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and show how it wasn't just a coincidence that it overlapped with transportation routes and access to raw materials like coal and iron. We'll show you how Least Cost Theory has been used to explain the location of certain industries and how it no longer seems to be holding due to the rise of globalization.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1O3fLHL7-J1g_eWAMY9JQ910zEGXDsGTnOgJTdDnl_hg/edit?usp=sharing

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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Population, Sustainability, and Malthus: Crash Course World History 215

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about population. So, how many people can reasonably live on the Earth? Thomas Malthus got it totally wrong in the 19th century, but for some reason, he keeps coming up when we talk about population. In 1800, the human population of the Earth passed 1 billion, and Thomas Malthus posited that growth had hit its ceiling, and the population would level off and stop growing. He was totally right. Just kidding, he was totally wrong! There are like 7 billion people on the planet now! John will teach a little about how Malthus made his calculations, and explain how Malthus came up with the wrong answer. As is often the case, it has to do with making projections based on faulty assumptions. Man, people do that a lot.

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How to Choose a School | How to College | Crash Course

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

In this episode of Crash Course: How to College, Erica helps us think about how to best choose the right school for us. There's a lot to think about, like: what kind of learner you are, what kind of environment you like, how to know if your school is looking out for your success, what kinds of support do different schools offer, and of course what do you want to study?

Crash Course: How to College is part of Study Hall, a partnership between ASU and Crash Course. Head over to our new Study Hall channel to check out our Fast Guide series which break down different college majors.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall
__________________________________________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:00 - How to find the right fit
4:10 - Types of colleges to choose from
5:57 - How to choose
6:21 - Modalities
7:09 - Conclusion
__________________

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***
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Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creage

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Human Evolution: Crash Course Big History #6

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green and Hank Green teach you about how human primates moved out of Africa and turned Earth into a real-life Planet of the Apes. And the apes are people! John and Hank teach you about how humans evolved, and the sort of tricks they picked up along the way like complex tool use, big brains, and fighting. Our ancestors adapted to the grasslands of Africa and went through several iterations including Australopithecus, homo habilis, and homo ergaster/erectus. Our ancestors tamed fire, made pressure flake tools, and eventually smartphones.

Learn more:
http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Sustainable Cities: Crash Course Geography #49

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From towering skyscrapers covered in trees to zero carbon smart cities, there are so many ways to imagine what a sustainable city of the future might look like. But what does it really mean to be sustainable anyway? Today, we’re going to look at environmental planning and how it intersects with people and the communities they form.

Further Reading:
Corkscrew Samp Sanctuary - https://corkscrew.audubon.org
AJLC at Oberlin - https://www.oberlin.edu/ajlc
La Borda Co-Op - http://www.laborda.coop/en/

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YQOomMFWqS1JdbnxYpY9VQgoq4r7Gue7x-rdskSshyE/edit?usp=sharing

#CrashCourse #Geography #UrbanPlanning

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Social Thinking: Crash Course Psychology #37

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Why do people do bad things? Is it because of the situation or who they are at their core? In this week's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank works to shed a little light on the ideas of Situation vs. Personality. Oh, and we'll have a look at the Stanford Prison Experiment... It's alarming.

If you are currently in need of help: http://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Social Psychology 00:00
Attribution Theory 01:29
Fundamental Attribution Error 2:22
Dual-Process Theory of Persuasion 3:18
"Foot-in-the-door" Phenomenon 4:14
Stanford Prison Experiment 5:13
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 8:08
Review & Credits 9:46
--
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How to Prepare for College | How to College | Crash Course

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

In this episode of Crash Course: How to College, Erica talks us through what preparing for college could entail and how we can be active in that preparation. Applying to college is exciting and stressful and lots of other things that cause a whole lot of emotions. But you can take steps now that will make the college admissions process a lot easier once you get to that point.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:51 - Getting organized
1:24 - Goals
2:25 - Courses
3:36 - Standardized tests
6:12 - Figuring out your interests
_______________________________________________

Links to the resources listed in this video:
GED: https://ged.com/
Kaplan: https://www.kaptest.com/study/
Career assessment tests: https://www.careeronestop.org/ https://www.mynextmove.org/explore/ip
National College Attainment Network: https://www.ncan.org/general/custom.asp?page=MemberDirectory
Upward Bound: https://www2.ed.gov/programs/trioupbound/index.html

Crash Course: How to College is part of Study Hall, a partnership between ASU and Crash Course. Head over to our new Study Hall channel to check out our Fast Guide series which break down different college majors.

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall

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The Railroad Journey and the Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History 214

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about railroads and some of the ways they changed the world, and how they were a sort of microcosm for the Industrial Revolution as a whole. Prior to the invention of steam-powered railroads, pretty much all locomotion had been muscle-powered. You either walked where you wanted to go or rode on an animal to get where you were going. The railroad changed human perception of time and space, making long-distance travel much faster and easier. Railroads also changed habits, including increasing reading. People needed some sort of distraction to ensure they didn't have to talk to other people on the train. Like any new technology, railroads also scared people. All kinds of fears surrounded rail travel, but over time, people got over them. And the quality of boiler manufacturing improved, so the trains exploded less often, which also made people feel safer.

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Biological Polymers: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #49

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You might think a self regulating factory sounds pretty unbelievable, but that’s pretty much exactly how our bodies work! Our bodies are full of regulatory mechanisms that keep all the organic molecules we need to live in balance. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll look at the building blocks that form these biological polymers, including carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA!

Episode Sources:
Garrett, R. H., & Grisham, C. M. (2016). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning.
Appling, Dean R., Anthony-Cahill, Spencer J., Mathews, Christopher K.. (2016). Biochemistry: concepts and connections. Essex: Pearson.
PDB IDs (available at https://www.rcsb.org/):
• 1BNA, 6TNA, 3MQ7, 7BJK, 6EC0, 2D3H, 1UBQ, 1BBB, 3FGU

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Evolutionary Epic: Crash Course Big History #5

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green, Hank Green, and Emily Graslie teach you about evolution. So, in the last 3.8 billion years, life on Earth has evolved from single-celled prokaryotes to the dizzying array of life we have today. So how did all this happen? We'll talk about Darwin, evolution, natural selection, and how we got from there to here, and from then to now.

Learn more here: http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Martin Luther King, Jr: Crash Course Black American History #36

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Today we're going to learn about perhaps the best-known leader in the Civil Rights Era, Martin Luther King, Jr. From his rise to notoriety during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, his leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the March on Washington in 1963, his work toward the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts of the mid-1960s, and his assassination in 1968, Dr. King is very broadly known. But maybe he isn't that well understood. Like many extremely famous people, Martin Luther King can sometimes be drawn as a bit of a flat character, and his ideas can be reduced to platitudes. Today we'll try to give you a fuller picture of the man and leader he was.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES:
Rustin, “Montgomery Diary,” Liberation (April 1956): 7–10.
D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 2003.
King to Edward P. Gotlieb, 18 March 1960, in Papers 5:390–391.

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Biomedical Treatments: Crash Course Psychology #36

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Do you know how Prozac works? Or lithium? Did you know that electroshock therapy is still a thing? There's a lot to know about biomedical treatments and how they work in tandem with psychotherapy or talk therapy. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about how Biomedical Treatments have evolved and how they work with other therapies.

If you are currently in need of help: http://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Does Psychotherapy Work? 00:00
Client & Clinician Perceptions 01:19
Treatment Outcome Research 2:19
Effectiveness vs. Efficacy 3:10
Which Therapies Work Best? 3:45
Biomedical Therapies 4:42
Classes of Psychotropic Drugs 5:09
"Electro-Shock" or Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 7:38
Other Biomedical Therapies: rTMS & DBS 8:50
Lifestyle Changes 9:25
Review & Credits 10:09

--
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Geographies of the Future: Crash Course Geography #50

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In our final episode of Crash Course Geography we're going to take a look towards the future, and to do that we'll need to revisit our fundamental geography tools: space, place, and human-environment interactions! We'll talk about the rise of the digital world and virtual spaces, the continued impacts of globalization and the Anthropocene, and even ponder new ideas like geoengineering. As we've said many times in this series the Earth is a beautifully dynamic place, and human innovation and our desire to claim and create our own places will continue to build new landscapes and futures. Thank you all so much for joining us on this journey across our extraordinary home planet!

0:00 - space-time
1:10 - intro
1:17 - virtual spaces
3:15 - place and globalization
4:48 - the slow city movement
5:57 - data landscapes and surveillance
8:51 - human footprint
9:38 - geoengineering
11:10 - series wrap-up
12:26 - outro

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-x4TxhStow9S-1Oo8vHHstuALghiu9S4R6wcbuTtGQQ/edit?usp=sharing

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Asian Responses to Imperialism: Crash Course World History #213

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Imperialism, but not from the perspective of the colonizers. This week John looks at some Asian perspectives on Imperialism; specifically, writers from countries that were colonized by European powers. We'll look at the writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani from the Middle East, Liang Qichao from China, and Rabindranath Tagore from India. these voices from the countries that were colonized give us a sense of how conquered people saw their conquerors, and give an insight into what these nations learned from being dominated by Europe. It's pretty interesting, OK? A lot of this episode is drawn from a fascinating book by Pankaj Mishra called The Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia. You should read it.

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Medicinal Chemistry and Penicillin Total Synthesis: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #50

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

These days, we don't have to worry too much about meeting an early demise from ulcers, breaks in the stomach lining that could be fatal back in the early 1900s. This is because we have medicines to treat them, like proton pump inhibitors! In this final episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we'll look at medicinal chemistry by breaking down how penicillin fights bacteria, how proteins are made both in the body and in the lab, and we'll finally finish our synthesis of penicillin V and complete our Mold Medicine Map! Hopefully this series has shown you the many ways organic chemistry is all around us and how it can help us to better understand ourselves, and improve our world!

Episode Sources:
Patrick, G. L. (2013). An introduction to medicinal chemistry. Oxford university press.
Vollmer, W., Blanot, D., & De Pedro, M. A. (2008). Peptidoglycan structure and architecture. FEMS microbiology reviews, 32(2), 149-167.
Sauvage, E., Duez, C., Herman, R., Kerff, F., Petrella, S., Anderson, J. W., ... & Charlier, P. (2007). Crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis penicillin-binding protein 4a, and its complex with a peptidoglycan mimetic peptide. Journal of molecular biology, 371(2), 528-539.
PDB IDs (available at https://www.rcsb.org/):
• 5CXW
• 6TNA ( modified to show a bound amino acid)

Series Penicillin References:
Nicolaou, K. C., & Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in total synthesis: targets, strategies, methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Sheehan, J. C. (1982). The enchanted ring: the untold story of penicillin.
Primary literature for Sheehan’s penicillin synthesis: Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1985; Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4059; Sheehan, J.C. & Bose A.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5158; Sheehan, J.C., Buhle, E.L, Corey E.J., Laubach, G.D. & Ryan J.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3828; Sheehan, J.C. & Laubach, G.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4376; Sheehan, J.C. & Hoff, D.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 237; Sheehan, J.C. & Corey E.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4756

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Er

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Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

So, you know you'd like to get help with some problematic behavior (like fear of flying). What do you do? Who can you go to for help? Once you've gone, what can you expect? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about what "Getting Help" can look like.

If you are currently in need of help: http://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Types of Psychotherapy 00:00
Psychodynamic Therapy 1:13
Existential-Humanist Therapy 03:46
Behavioral Therapy 6:00
Cognitive Therapy 8:02
Integrative Therapies 9:35
Group and Family Therapy 09:48
Review & Credits 10:31
--
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How to Apply to College | How to College | Crash Course

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Now that we're to the point of actually applying for college, things can get a little overwhelming. But, not to worry, Erica has some helpful ways to manage everything you need to keep track of, fill out, and even ways to save some money in fees.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:49 - List of schools
3:30 - Documents to assemble
4:12 - Writing samples
7:11 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashc

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The Rise of the West and Historical Methodology: Crash Course World History #212

Tue, 01 Sep 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green talks about the methods of writing history by looking at some of the ways that history has been written about the rise of the West. But first, he has to tell you what the West is. And then he has to explain the Rise of the West. And then he gets down to talking about the different ways that historians and other academics have explained how the West became dominant in the world. He'll look at explanations from Acemoglu and Robinson's "Why Nations Fail," Francis Fukuyama's "The Origins of Political Order," and Ian Morris's "Why the West Rules, for Now."

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Crash Course Office Hours: Anatomy and Physiology

Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Office Hours! Is the heart an organ? How does the nervous system work? In this livestream, Hank Green and Brandon Jackson answer the questions you submitted and talk about the best ways to study anatomy & physiology.

Thank you to Flipgrid for sponsoring this series. Check them out here: https://info.flipgrid.com/

00:00 Introduction
02:30 Is the heart a muscle or an organ?
08:09 How are skin cells organized through the layers of the skin?
15:01 Neurotransmitters, action potential, gated channels, and the process of muscle contraction
26:55 What's the best way to remember bone landmarks?
30:16 How to read an ECG
40:20 Tips for studying A&P #1 - learning the root words
43:54 Tips for studying A&P #2 - how to use flashcards
47:18 Tips for studying A&P #3 - learning by teaching
49:08 What happens when a muscle cramps?
51:58 Tricks for remembering the veins and arteries
55:25 Outro

Crash Course Study Skills: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhuwS5ZLwKY&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNcAJRf3bE1IJU6nMfHj86W

Image sources:
https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#crashcourse #officehours #anatomy #physiology

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Personality Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #34

Tue, 01 Sep 2026 11:03:00 -0000

What exactly are Personality Disorders? How can they be diagnosed? Can we prevent some of them? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us the down-low on things like Ego-Dystonic and Ego-Syntonic Disorders, Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders, and the potential biological, psychological, and social roots of these disorders.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Disorders 00:00
Ego-Dystonic vs. Ego-Syntonic Disorders 00:44
Personality Disorders 1:12
Modern Classifications of Personality Disorders 2:03
Three Clusters of Personality Disorders 2:23
Overlapping Traits, PDNOS, & the Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders 3:35
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 4:31
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Psychopathy & Sociopathy) 5:29
Early Indicators & Genetic Factors of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 6:54
Neural Basis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 7:58
Treatments for Anti-Social Personality Disorder 9:01
Review & Credits 10:07
--
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How to Pay for College | Crash Course | How to College

Tue, 01 Sep 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Paying for college is stressful and there's a lot of research we need to do. So we want to be methodical and patient, and make sure we know what all of our options are. So, in this episode, Erica walks us through how to know our options, what steps to take to get the funding you need to be successful in college.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:36 - Understanding costs
2:37 - Finding financial aid
8:41 - Different types of schools
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***

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Life Begins: Crash Course Big History #4

Mon, 31 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which Hank and John Green teach you about life on Earth. They won't be giving advice on how life should be lived, because this is a history series. Instead, they'll teach you about the earliest forms of life on Earth, and some of the ways that they developed into the types of life we know, love, and sometimes don't love so much (I'm looking at you here, opossums). You'll learn about prokaryotes, eukaryotes, panspermia, reproduction, a little about DNA, and even a thing or two about trees. Maybe.

Crash Course Biology
DNA Structure and Replication Episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
DNA Transcription and Translation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itsb2SqR-R0

Learn more at http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Student Civil Rights Activism: Crash Course Black American History #37

Mon, 31 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

A wide range of Americans contributed to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Students and young people were prominent groups of activists within the movement. Today, we'll learn about the Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Freedom Riders. These groups undertook protests and worked to integrate schools and public accommodations by riding segregated buses, demanding service at lunch counters, and even by simply attending school.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Jon N. Hale, The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).
Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).
Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists (Cambridge: South End Press, 2002).
Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
Karen Anderson, Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2013).
https://www.history.com/news/freedom-riders-route-civil-rights-map

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Office Hours: Geography

Mon, 31 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Office Hours! Alizé Carrère and April Luginbuhl Mather answer your questions on human and physical geography, including how rocks form, how melting glaciers impact water resources, and what even is geography?

Thank you to Flipgrid for sponsoring this series. Check them out here: https://info.flipgrid.com/

00:00 Introduction
01:48 What is geography?
02:43 Place, space, and location
04:28 Site, situation and scale
09:00 How do different types of rock form?
11:35 Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes
13:37 How is a meander formed?
16:34 Origin and formation of fjords
18:52 How can mountain ecosystems be restore from the impact of development and tourism?
22:14 Impact of melting Himalayan glaciers on water resources
26:23 What is posthumanism?
31:30 Who are significant geographers?
34:05 Different types of boundaries
37:36 What are the markers of development?
40:26 What is in a geography course?
45:30 Tips for studying geography
48:35 Why do we personally find geography interesting?
50:18 How to talk to students about the politics of maps
52:29 Displacement of people due to war, natural disasters, and changing coastlines
55:18 How do metamorphic rocks form?
56:15 Careers for people who study geography
59:35 Outro

Crash Course Study Skills: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhuwS5ZLwKY&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNcAJRf3bE1IJU6nMfHj86W

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The End of Civilization (In the Bronze Age): Crash Course World History 211

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Bronze Age civilization in what we today call the middle east, and how the vast, interconnected civilization that encompassed Egypt, The Levant, and Mesopotamia came to an end. What's that you say? There was no such civilization? Your word against ours. John will argue that through a complex network of trade and alliances, there was a loosely confederated and relatively continuous civilization in the region. Why it all fell apart was a mystery. Was it the invasion of the Sea People? An earthquake storm? Or just a general collapse, to which complex systems are prone? We'll look into a few of these possibilities. As usual with Crash Course, we may not come up with a definitive answer, but it sure is a lot of fun to think about.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Crash Course Office Hours: World History

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course World History Office Hours! John Green and Cathy Keller answer your questions on the Russian Revolution, discuss the origin of nation states, and talk about the best way to approach studying history.

Thank you to Flipgrid for sponsoring this series. Check them out here: https://info.flipgrid.com/

00:00 Introduction
06:02 Causes and effects of the Russian revolution
15:55 Who was Genghis Khan and how was he able to get so much territory?
20:56 How did the Cold War start?
28:17 Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana in African decolonization and the Cold War
31:03 The differences between the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans
36:09 Ataturk and the origin of nation-states
41:05 What's the best way to look back on history?
44:05 Tips for studying World History
48:24 Why didn't the silk road stretch all the way across Europe?
50:53 Favorite books on history
56:16 Outro

Crash Course Study Skills: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhuwS5ZLwKY&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNcAJRf3bE1IJU6nMfHj86W

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Sun and The Earth: Crash Course Big History #3

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green, Hank Green, and Emily Graslie teach you about our Sun and the formation of the planets. We're going to focus on the formation and development of the Earth because that's where people live. You'll learn about the Solar nebula, the birth of the sun, the formation of planets, and how the Earth and the rest of the solar system developed over the last 4.567 billion years.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How to Choose a Major | Crash Course | How to College

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Choosing majors can feel overwhelming and even confusing. It can feel like your whole life can be based on this one choice? And then what happens if you figure out you don't even like this major? Well, don't worry, we're here to help. In this episode, Erica talks to us about what majors are, how to choose one, and how to know if you should consider changing your major.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
2:06 - How majors work
3:53 - Selecting classes and balancing your time
6:00 - How and when to declare a major
8:24 - Resources to help you choose a major
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...
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Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids"

#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***

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Schizophrenia and Dissociative Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #32

Sat, 29 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank describes some of the most misunderstood psychological disorders out there: Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders 00:00
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders 1:31
Psychotic Symptoms 5:04
Physiological Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients 5:43
Diathesis Stress Model 6:49
Dissociative Disorders 8:05
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) 8:44
Review & Credits 10:47
--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Malcolm X and the Rise of Black Power: Crash Course Black American History #38

Sat, 29 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In the late 1950s and the early to mid-1960s, a Muslim minister named Malcolm X rose to prominence in the United States during the struggle for Civil Rights. Malcolm X was a member of and spokesperson for the Nation of Islam, and he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment. His views differed significantly from a lot of the well-known Civil Rights activists of the day, and his views evolved during his ministry. Today, we’ll learn about Malcolm X’s origins, his work with the Nation of Islam, his break from that organization, and his eventual assassination.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’ Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992).
Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011).
Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003).

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Exploring the Universe: Crash Course Big History #2

Sat, 29 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green, Hank Green, and Emily Graslie teach you about what happened in the Universe after the big bang. They'll teach you about cosmic background radiation, how a bunch of hydrogen and helium turned into stars, formed galaxies, created heavy elements, and eventually created planets.

For more information, visit http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Choosing a Specialization | Crash Course | How to College

Sat, 29 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Now that we have a better grasp on chosing majors, let's talk a little about specializations. There's a lot to talk about, from declaring a minor to just taking electives that help you get an edge in the job market. And how do you find out what classes may help in the job market? Erica walks us through ways to find this out and how to think about specialization in your college journey!

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:51 - Balancing your schedule
5:12 - Preparing for your meeting
6:29 - Your goals
7:15 - Supplementing your degree with more experience
8:25 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***

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Trauma and Addiction: Crash Course Psychology #31

Fri, 28 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

So, what do Batman and J.R.R. Tolkien have in common? Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It used to be called "Shellshock" and it can be really really really destructive. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank lays out the low down on PTSD and how trauma can affect the brain. Plus, a look at how addiction can play into trauma and the different types of treatments used to help those afflicted.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: J.R.R. Tolkien 00:00
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 1:57
PTSD & Addiction 3:24
Causes of PTSD 4:02
Risk Factors of PTSD 5:13
PTSD & the Brain 5:46
Post-Traumatic Growth 6:31
Addiction & Dependencies 7:09
Dual-Diagnosis Treatment Model 9:01
Review & Credits 10:00
--
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Finding Your Place | How to College | Crash Course

Fri, 28 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

One of the most challenging parts of going to college is feeling like you belong. You're away from home, maybe for the first time. You're around a whole new group of people in an entirely new setting. Maybe you're also on your own for the first time. There's a lot to take in and a lot to adjust to. In this episode, Erica goes through ways you can work to make sure you feel like you belong and have a place!

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:29 - Joining a Student Group
3:58 - Getting Support
5:38 - Networking
7:44 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***"

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Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History 210

Fri, 28 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you WHY World War I started. Or tries to anyway. With this kind of thing, it's kind of hard to assign blame to any one of the nations involved. Did the fault lie with Austria-Hungary? Germany? Russia? Julius Caesar? One thing we can say for sure is that you can't blame the United States of America for this one. Woohoo! Well, you can hardly blame the US.

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The Black Panther Party: Crash Course Black American History #39

Fri, 28 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Many organizations have made it their mission to expand the rights of Black Americans. The NAACP and the Urban League are examples of influential organizations with long histories. But a long history or extensive membership isn't always necessary to have an impact. Today, we'll learn about the Black Panthers. They were a relatively small, relatively short-lived political party that had an outsized impact on US history.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Sources and References
Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’ Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992).
Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011).
Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003).
Robyn Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Duke University Press, 2016).

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Big Bang: Crash Course Big History #1

Thu, 27 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green, Hank Green, and Emily Graslie teach you about, well, everything. Big History is the history of everything. We're going to start with the Big Bang, take you right through all of history (recorded and otherwise), and even talk a little bit about the future. It is going to be awesome. In the awe-inspiring sense of the word awesome. In this episode, we walk you through the start of everything: The Big Bang. We'll look at how the universe unfolded at its very beginning, and how everything in the universe that we know today came into being. So that's kind of a big deal, right?

For more information, visit www.bighistoryproject.com

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How to Transfer Colleges | Crash Course | How to College

Thu, 27 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Sometimes you realize the school you're attending just isn't right for you. Or, you discover you want to change majors and a different school has a better program. Or, you've completed your gen ed classes at a community college and are ready to transfer to a 4 year institution. For whatever reason, transferring is something we may have to deal with to complete our college journeys. And, yes, it can be a pain. But, in this episode of Crash Course: How to College, Erica walks us through transferring!

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:47 - Common Pathways for Transfer Students
3:39 - Preparing to Transfer to a New School
6:50 - Transferring Coursework
7:32 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall

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Outtakes #3: Crash Course Psychology

Thu, 27 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank has trouble saying the words and posits a world in which he can be hypnotized to forget things just so he can enjoy them all over again.

--
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How to Work in College | Crash Course | How to College

Thu, 27 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Working in college is necessary sometimes. Whether it's for experience, living costs, or extra money, we sometimes need to balance school, life, and work. In this episode of How to College, Erica walks through some of the ways you can find work and make sure you're balancing work with your studies and your personal life. Which are ALL important!

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:17 - Considering Schedules and Time Commitments
2:44 - Considering Goals
5:07 - Benefits of Working while in School
7:20 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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How World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209

Wed, 26 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about World War I and how it got started. Crash Course doesn't usually talk much about dates, but the way that things unfolded in July and August of 1914 is kind of important to understanding the Great War. You'll learn about Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip, the Black Hand, and why the Serbian nationalists wanted to kill the poor Archduke. You'll also learn who mobilized first and who exactly started the war. Sort of. Actually, there's no good answer to who started the war, but we give it a shot anyway.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Women and the Black Power Movement: Crash Course Black American History #40

Wed, 26 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Women have been a powerful (and largely underappreciated) force in the movement for Black equality in the United States. The Black Power Movement is no exception to that trend. Today, we'll learn about how women contributed to several organizations, including the Black Panthers. We'll also explore how the Black Arts Movement served as a way for women to empower Black People through creative output.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
● Cheryl Clarke, “After Mecca”: Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004).
● Ashley D. Farmer, Remaking Black Power: How Black Women Transformed an Era (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018).
● Peniel E. Joseph ed., The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era (New York: Routledge, 2006).
Robyn C. Spencer, The Revolution has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016).
https://atlantablackstar.com/2015/03/26/8-black-panther-party-programs-that-were-more-empowering-than-federal-government-programs/
https://spartacus-educational.com/USACnewtonF.htm

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #30

Wed, 26 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Not sleeping for days on end. Long periods of euphoria. Racing thoughts. Grandiose ideas. Mania. Depression. All of these are symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about mood disorders and their causes as well as how these disorders can impact people's lives.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Bipolar Disorder 00:00
Mood Disorders 1:15
What are Moods? 2:00
Depressive Disorders 2:50
Bipolar Disorder 4:31
Genetic Causes of Mood Disorders 5:48
Environmental Triggers of Mood Disorders 6:14
Mood Disorders & Gender 6:45
Mood Disorders & the Brain 7:05
Social-Cognitive Perspective on Mood Disorders 7:58
Review & Credits 9:13
--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Your Mental Health in College | How to College | Crash Course

Wed, 26 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

There is a lot of stress and anxiety around college, whether you're fresh out of high school or you've decided to go back to school years later. It can be tough to navigate. But, one of the best ways to navigate keeping yourself focused so you can succeed is by being aware of the pitfalls. This way, you can head into your college experience with open eyes and the knowledge of the places and people you can turn to for help.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/gostudyhall
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
3:37 - Physical Health
5:19 - Mindfulness and Meditation
6:11 - Special Interest Groups
8:00 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Resources used in this video:
Crisis Text Line (text HOME to 741741-free 24/7 support via text)
National Suicide Prevention Hotline (free 24/7 support over the phone)

What Is Mental Health? | MentalHealth.gov
Active Minds' Student Mental Health Survey - Active Minds: https://www.activeminds.org/active-minds-student-mental-health-survey/
Sleep problems in university students – an intervention (nih.gov): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536318/
How Long Should You Wait Between Caffeine and Bedtime? (verywellhealth.com): https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-should-you-wait-between-caffeine-and-bedtime-3014980
4 - 7 - 8 sleep - Arizona State University - updated 1-26-15 - YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J-AH0GihS0
Should You Take a Leave of Absence? | BestColleges: https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/leave-of-absence-college/

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
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__

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Drought and Famine: Crash Course World History #208

Tue, 25 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you a little bit about drought, which is a natural weather phenomenon, and famine, which is almost always the result of human activity. Throughout human history, when food shortages strike humanity, there was food around. There was just a failure to connect those people with the food that would keep them alive. There are a lot of reasons that food distribution breaks down, and John is going to teach you about them in the context of the late-19th century famines that struck British India.

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How to Graduate | How to College | Crash Course

Tue, 25 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

So... you may think that graduating from college is automatic, but it's actually not. You need to be keeping an eye on your progress and talking to your advisors to make sure you're where you need to be so you get to put the cap and gown on and celebrate your accomplishments!

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

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Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:21 - Final Requirements
3:42 - Career Services
7:20 - Commencement and Beyond
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
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__

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OCD and Anxiety Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #29

Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about OCD and anxiety disorders in the hope we'll understand what people with actual OCD have to deal with as well as how torturous anxiety disorders and panic attacks can actually be.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Social Stigma of Psychological Disorders 00:00
What Defines an Anxiety Disorder? 1:55
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 2:35
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 4:17
Panic Disorder & Panic Attacks 4:48
Phobias & Avoidance Behaviors 6:06
The Learning Perspective 7:38
The Biological Perspective 9:14
Review & Credits 10:38
--
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Marsha P. Johnson and the Stonewall Rebellion: Crash Course Black American History #41

Tue, 25 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Today we’re learning about Marsha P. Johnson and the Stonewall rebellion. Serving as a pivotal moment in the modern Gay Rights Movement, Stonewall began on June 28th, 1969, and lasted six days in New York City’s Greenwich Village. And even though the rebellion lasted less than a week, the reverberations lasted for generations. Out of Stonewall emerged the establishment of one of the first gay pride parades, increased activism and organizing on behalf of gay people, and greater attention paid to the rights and needs of LGBTQ+ communities.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Sources and References

David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s, 2004).
Martin Duberman, Stonewall: The Definitive Story of the LGBTQ Rights Uprising that Changed America (New York City: Plume, 2019).

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Pineapples of Solidarity, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Humans and Energy: Crash Course World History 207

Mon, 24 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which Stan Muller subs for John Green and teaches you about energy and humanity. Today we discuss the ideas put forth by Alfred Crosby in his book, Children of the Sun. Historically, almost all of the energy that humans use has been directly or indirectly generated by the sun, whether that be food energy from plants, wind energy, direct solar energy, or fossil fuels. Stan looks into these different sources and talks about how humanity will continue to use energy in the future as populations grow and energy resources become more scarce.

Reference:
Children of the Sun by Alfred Crosby: https://bit.ly/3jIbdEU

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After College | How to College | Crash Course

Mon, 24 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

So, you did it! You're done and now you need to look beyond college. What's next? How do you know what's next? Do you want to go to grad school? To work? In this episode, Erica talks about how to think about what comes after college.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid

_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:36 - Planning Your Transition
5:50 - Managing Priorities
8:59 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Psychological Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #28

Mon, 24 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes a look at how the treatment for psychological disorders has changed over the last hundred years and who is responsible for getting us on the path to getting us here.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych

--
Chapters:
Asylums 00:00
David Rosenhan's Pseudopatient Experiments 0:43
How do we classify psychological disorders? 2:29
Psychological Disorders 3:26
Deviant Thoughts & Behaviors 4:06
Distress & Dysfunction 4:53
Medical Model of Psychological Disorder 5:20
Biopsychological Approach to Psychological Disorders 6:12
The DSM-5 7:09
Review & Credits 9:25
--
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Finances After College | How to College | Crash Course

Mon, 24 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

If you've taken out student loans, graduation can start a ticking clock in terms of when your first payments will come due. So it's important to know how to navigate those loan payments and your own finances so you can make sure you're on the path to get your loans paid off and you don't have any negative effects on your finances and credit.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:57 - What We Own – And to Whom
3:33 - Making Payments
5:58 - Repayment Options
_______________________________________________

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Climate Change, Chaos, and The Little Ice Age: Crash Course World History #206

Sun, 23 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Little Ice Age. The Little Ice Age was a period of global cooling that occurred from the 13th to the 19th centuries. This cooling was likely caused by a number of factors, including unusual solar activity and volcanic eruptions. The Little Ice Age greatly impacted human social orders, especially during the 17th century. When the climate changed, and the weather became unpredictable, the world changed profoundly. Poor harvests led to hunger, which led to even less productivity, which even resulted in violent upheaval in a lot of places. All this from a little change in the temperature? Definitely.

Reference:
Global Crisis by Geoffrey Parker: https://bit.ly/3M99AvQ

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The War on Drugs: Crash Course Black American History #42

Sun, 23 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The War on Drugs is a decades-long United States policy intended to curb illegal drug use and trafficking. Long story short: it has not worked to reduce drug use or trade, and the policy has had devastating effects, especially on communities of color. Today we'll talk about the history of the War on Drugs, what it was trying to accomplish, and how it contributed to the US as a carceral state and the nation that imprisons more of its population than any country in the world.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).
Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016).
Khalil Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).
Beth Ritchie, Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America’s Prison Nation (New York: New York University Press, 2012).
https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-op-0309-crw-morhaim-drug-war-20210308-3o7ulj6d3jelfmkxv5ftz6r3uu-story.html
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/criminal-justice/reports/2018/06/27/452819/ending-war-drugs-numbers/
Carly Hayden Foster, The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion, 15 Race, Gender & Class 162–179 (2008).
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/the-moynihan-report-an-annotated-edition/404632/
https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/1994-crime-bill-and-beyond-how-federal-funding-shapes-criminal-justice

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Let's Talk About Sex: Crash Course Psychology #27

Sun, 23 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Sex is complicated for different reasons in different cultures. But, it's the entire purpose of life, so there's no reason to blush. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about Kinsey, Masters and Johnson, Sexuality, Gender Identity, and Hormones, and even looks into the idea of why we have sex. There's a lot to go through here.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Alfred Kinsey 00:00
Biological Sex & Gender Identity 2:01
Masters & Johnson 3:07
The Four-Stage Sexual Response Cycle 3:48
Sex Hormones 5:31
Social & Cultural Factors of Sexual Desire 7:11
Sexual Orientation 8:51
Why People Have Sex 10:17
Review & Credits 10:43
--
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Celebration and Lifelong Learning | How to College | Crash Course

Sun, 23 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

The end of college isn't the end of your education, it's just the end of a chapter of your education. But before we think about what comes next, we should really pause to celebrate. Congratulate ourselves. The work to get through higher ed is challenging. And it can be really helpful to use a celebration to close the book on it so you're ready to move on to the next chapter. In this final episode of How to College, we talk about the road ahead.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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Instagram: https://Instagram.com/GoStudyHall
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GoStudyHall

Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:27 Importance of Celebrating Successes
1:57 - Ways to Celebrate
3:59 - Sharing Your Accomplishments
4:43 - Lifelong Learning
5:56 - Graduate School
6:56 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Emotion, Stress, and Health: Crash Course Psychology #26

Sat, 22 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

So, it turns out we have an easy time reading emotions in facial expressions, but emotions can straight up kill us! In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses stress, emotions, and their overall impact on our health.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: How Emotions Work 00:00
Facial Expressions 1:24
Expressing Emotions 2:18
How Many Emotions Are There? 2:57
Two-Dimensional Model of Emotional Experience 3:29
Defining Stress 4:52
Chronic Stress & the Autonomic Nervous System 6:36
Stress & Heart Disease 7:43
Pessimism & Depression 8:30
Review & Credits 9:30
--
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Crash Course Public Health Preview!

Sat, 22 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Public Health! Over the next 10 episodes, Vanessa Hill unpacks what public health is, who does public health work, and why thinking about it is so important! Public Health is so much more than just washing your hands, adhering to smoking laws, or wearing your seatbelt -- although it is those things too. Broadly, public health is an approach to preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health for everyone. So over the course of this series, we'll show you the many ways the story of your health isn’t just about you, and how it’s about so much other stuff like the social, economic, and environmental conditions that impact all of us.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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War and Civilization: Crash Course World History 205

Sat, 22 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green investigates war, and what exactly it may or may not be good for. Was war a result of human beings organizing into larger and more complex agricultural social orders, or did war maybe create agriculture and "civilization?" It's hard to know for sure, but it's sure fun to think about.

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Shirley Chisholm: Crash Course Black American History #43

Sat, 22 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In 1972, Shirley Chisholm ran for president of the United States of America as a Democrat. She didn't win, but this was not the beginning or the end of her career in politics. She held a congressional seat in the New York delegation for decades, and Shirley was a pioneer on many fronts. Today we'll learn about her life, her career, and her legacy.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

SOURCES
Shirley Chisholm, Unbought and Unbossed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin.,1970).
● Marcy Kaptur, Women of Congress: A Twentiethcentury Odyssey (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1996).
● Jill S. Pollack, Shirley Chisholm (New York: F. Watts, 1994).
● Barbara Winslow, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change ( UK: Routledge, 2013).

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Feeling All the Feels: Crash Course Psychology #25

Fri, 21 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about these things called "Emotions". What are they? And why do we need them?

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Emotions 00:00
Theories on Emotions 2:11
Cognition & Emotion 3:35
The Spillover Effect 4:22
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Approaches to Cognitive Processing 6:09
The Autonomic Nervous System 8:10
Optimal Arousal 8:39
Review & Credits 10:03
--
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What is Public Health? Crash Course Public Health #1

Fri, 21 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

We often think of health as a self-centric phenomenon that begins and ends with "me", but as we'll explore throughout this series our personal health is just one plot line in a rich story of evolving research and policies that make up the world of public health. So what is public health anyway? Well, public health is an approach to preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health for literally everyone. It is a money-saving, life-extending, world-bettering cheat code for improving the world, so we'll spend the rest of this series examining how and where it is working, where it isn't working, and how so much of our health is influenced by the world around us.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Public Health 00:00
Prevention 03:18
Population Health 5:02
Health Inequities 6:35
Solving Health Inequities 8:05
Cost of Public Health 9:41
Review & Credits 11:37

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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War and Human Nature: Crash Course World History 204

Fri, 21 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about war! Specifically, John talks about whether humanity is naturally warlike, hard-wired to kill, or if perhaps war is a cultural construct. John will talk about the Hobbes versus Rousseau debate, the effects that war has on human social orders, and the effects that war has on individuals. So is war human nature? Watch and find out what we have to say about it.

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Jesse Jackson: Crash Course Black American History #44

Fri, 21 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Today, Clint Smith is teaching you about the Civil Rights activist and Icon, Reverend Jesse Jackson. Jackson began his career working with Martin Luther King in the 1960s, and in the 1970s he founded PUSH, an organization to advance the cause of urban, poor, and predominantly Black communities. Jackson ran for president of the United States in 1984 and 1988, and founded another organization, the Rainbow Coalition. Jackson has worked for decades for the cause of Civil Rights and his long career has served as a bridge from the work of the 1960s to the movement for Black lives today.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Sources:
Marshall Frady, Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson (New York: Random House, 1996).
Ernest R. House, Jesse Jackson and the Politics of Charisma: The Rise and Fall of the PUSH/Excel Program (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988).

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Brains vs. Bias: Crash Course Psychology #24

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes a look at WAIS and WISC intelligence tests and how bias can really skew both results and the usefulness of those results.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
WAIS & WISC Tests 1:09
Standardized Tests 2:08
Reliability & Validity 3:46
Twin & Adoption Studies - Genetics of Intelligence 4:40
Environmental Influences on Intelligence 6:55
Testing Bias 8:05
Stereotype Threat 8:57
Review & Credits 10:16
--
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How Your Biology Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #2

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Today, we are going to begin our discussion on the determinants of health which are all of the conditions we are born, live, and work in that have an influence on our overall wellbeing. Now these determinants can span everything from your education level to income level to genetic code, so today we're just going to focus on the biological factors like our age, genes, and sex, and take a closer look at their impacts.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Biological Determinants 00:00
Behavioral & Biomedical Approach 01:27
Social Approach 02:44
Determinants of Health 04:11
Biological Determinants 05:42
Epigenetics 09:16
Review & Credits 11:33

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Disease! Crash Course World History 203

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about disease and the effects that disease has had in human history. Disease has been with man since the beginning, and it has shaped the way humans operate in a lot of ways. John will teach you about the Black Death, the Great Dying, and the modern medical revolution that has changed the world.

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How the Environment Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #3

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

There is no denying the effect that our environment has on us. Things like water and air pollution are detrimental to our health. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’ll take a look at some of the ways our environment impacts us, why marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental pollution, and what we can do about it.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: The Environment and Your Health 00:00
Defining our Environment 2:09
Air Pollution 3:43
Water Pollution 6:27
The Neighborhood Factor 8:11
Environmental Justice 11:59
Climate Change 12:11
Review & Credits 13:28

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Controversy of Intelligence: Crash Course Psychology #23

Wed, 19 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

So, how many different kinds of intelligence are there? And what is the G-Factor? Eugenics? Have you ever taken an IQ Test? All of these things play into the fascinating and sometimes icky history of Intelligence Testing. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks us through some of the important aspects of that history... as well as Nazis. Hey, I said some of it was icky.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Defining Intelligence 00:00
The G-Factor 01:22
Psychometrics 2:33
Gardner's 8 Intelligences 3:11
Measuring Creativity & Divergent Thinking 4:12
Emotional Intelligence 6:06
Eugenics 7:05
Binet & Simon's "Mental Age" Tests 8:01
IQ Tests 9:06
Intelligence Tests, Eugenics, & Forced Sterilization in the U.S. 9:40
Eugenics in Nazi Germany 10:44
Review & Credits 11:45
--
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How Society Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #4

Wed, 19 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Society does a lot to improve our health, from sanitation to healthy foods. But society can have negative impacts on our health as well, and whether or not we get the positive impacts or the negative ones, can often come down to social and economic standing. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re going to take a look at some of the basic societal elements that affect our health, and why they are often tied to economic inequality.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Society and Your Health 00:00
Defining Society 01:42
Food Inequality 03:12
Housing Inequality 04:54
Healthcare Inequality 05:31
Income Inequality 07:43
Socioeconomic Status 10:04
Review & Credits 12:14

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Money and Debt: Crash Course World History 202

Wed, 19 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches about filthy, filthy lucre. Money. And Debt. So, what is money? And what is it for? And why do we use money? And why does it all disappear so quickly after payday? John will look into 75% of these questions, and if he doesn't come up with answers, we'll get into some interesting ideas along the way, at least. This week we'll investigate whether money displaces barter, then leads to war, slavery, and what we think of as civilized social orders. We'll also see what old Adam Smith thinks of big money, no whammies, this week on Crash Course.

Reference:
Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber: https://bit.ly/3KZsPI0

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Los Angeles Uprisings: Crash Course Black American History #45

Wed, 19 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Black American History, Clint Smith teaches you about the complicated history of racial tension in South Central Los Angeles. You'll learn about the Watts Rebellion of 1965, a 6-day uprising in response to police brutality that shaped the landscape of racial tension in southern California for years to come. This tension culminated in two major events -- the murder of Latasha Harlins and the beating of Rodney King in 1991 -- which incited the L.A. Uprisings of 1992.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Oxford Language Dictionary
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/
Lynn M. Itagaki, Civil Racism: The 1992 Los Angeles Rebellion and the Crisis of Racial Burnout (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016).
Robert Gooding-Williams, ed., Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising (New York & London: Routledge, 1993).
Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Measuring Personality: Crash Course Psychology #22

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

How would you measure a personality? What, exactly, is the self? Well, as you've come to expect, it's not that easy to nail down an answer to those questions. Whether you're into blood, bile, earth, wind, fire, or those Buzzfeed questionnaires, there are LOTS of ways to get at who we are and why.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Types 00:00
Trait Theory of Personality 1:35
The Big 5: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, & Extraversion 3:15
Social Cognitive Perspective of Personality 4:46
Internal vs. External Locus of Control 5:54
Testing & Measuring Personality 6:15
Thematic Apperception Test 6:51
Personality Trait Inventories 7:31
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 8:05
Social Cognitive Personality Assessments 8:24
Humanistic Self-Concept Evaluations 9:01
Who or what is the self? 9:22
Review & Credits 10:17
--
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Stress is Bad for Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #5

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Our identities, societies, and health are all mixed together in cool, weird, and often deeply unfair ways. One of the big factors that comes out of that mix is stress. Stress impacts our health in a number of ways. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re going to go beyond the basics and look at the ways society affects our stress, which in turn impacts our health.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Society and Your Health 00:00
Health Literacy 2:05
Stress 3:45
Measuring Stress 6:26
Adverse Childhood Experiences 7:36
Identity and Health 8:51
Review & Credits 11:31

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Rethinking Civilization - Crash Course World History 201

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green returns to teaching World History! This week, we'll be talking about the idea of civilization, some of the traditional hallmarks of so-called civilization, and why some people would choose to live outside the civilization model. It turns out that not everyone who lives outside of what we traditionally think of as a "civilized" social order is necessarily a barbarian! To defuse any tension you may be feeling, I'll just tell you now that the Mongols are back. You'll learn about Zomia, swidden agriculture, and even a little about anarchy!

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Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas: Crash Course Black American History #46

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Today, Clint will teach you about the Supreme Court confirmation hearing of Clarence Thomas. During the screening process, Anita Hill came forward alleging that Thomas had sexually harassed her when the two of them worked together at the Department of Education. The public response to Hill's allegations was tense and split the Black American community along gendered lines. Thomas's nomination was ultimately confirmed by a margin of 52-48, and he became the second Black American appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Sources:
Harris, Duchess. Black Feminist Politics from Kennedy to Trump. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1040911313/anita-hill-belonging-sexual-harassment-conversation
https://www.history.com/news/anita-hill-confirmation-hearings-impact
https://www.npr.org/2018/09/23/650138049/a-timeline-of-clarence-thomas-anita-hill-controversy-as-kavanaugh-to-face-accuse

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Rorschach and Freudians: Crash Course Psychology #21

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Herman Rorschach (no, not the guy from Watchmen) came up with the eponymous tests, but what do they mean? Why are we so fascinated with them despite the division in the world of Psychology? Hank tackles these topics as we take a closer look at personality in this episode of Crash Course Psychology.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Rorschach's Inkblot Tests 00:00
Personality Theory 2:16

Psychoanalytic Personality Theories:
Psychoanalytic Theory 2:53
Id, Ego, and Superego 3:47
Defense Mechanisms 4:57
Freud's 5 Psychosexual Phases 6:32
Karen Horney, Feminist Psychology, & Self-Help 7:57
Jung & Collective Unconscious Theory 8:25
Adler & Inferiority Complex Theory 8:56

Humanistic Personality Theories:
Maslow & Self-Actualization 9:31
Rogers & Person-Centered Perspective 10:24

Review & Credits 11:29

--
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Intro to Epidemiology: Crash Course Public Health #6

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Epidemiology is the study of patterns of diseases. And most people might think that means epidemiologists are only studying things like Ebola. But the truth is much more varied. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we'll take a look at the different ways Epidemiology is conducted, including the use of...pie? It'll make sense, we promise.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Epidemiology 00:00
Origins of Epidemiology 01:22
Studying Disease 04:04
Interpreting Data 07:27
Bradford Hill Criteria & Mathematical Models 09:34
Rothman Causal Pie 10:23
Review & Credits 13:07

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, daniel blankstein, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Hot Dog Contest 2014

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Happy Independence Day, America! Feast your eyes on the traditional Indianapolis office hot dog eating contest!

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Which Healthcare System is Best? Crash Course Public Health #7

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Are you ready for the understatement of the century? Health care is complicated. Across the 200 or so countries on Earth, there are a lot of different ways people receive health care. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re going to break down the building blocks that are used to create a health care system and take a look at four of the most common models.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction to Health Care Systems 00:00
Six Building Blocks 2:03
Beveridge Model 5:18
Bismarck Model 6:37
National Health Insurance Model 7:09
Out-of-Pocket Model 7:35
Goals of Healthcare 10:45
Review & Credits 11:44

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dylan Mandelblatt, Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey J, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Psychology: Outtakes #2

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

What's "sherbert" and how many Hughes are there?

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Rap and Hip Hop: Crash Course Black American History #47

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Music is an integral part of Black American culture. Today, Clint Smith will teach you about rap & hip hop, and the cultural significance of artists including Public Enemy, Wu-Tang Clan, the Notorious B.I.G., Tupac, N.W.A., Queen Latifah, and Missy Elliott. And he just might break dance while doing it.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

SOURCES:
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19680493
Janell Hobson and R. Dianne Bartlow eds., Representin’: Women, Hip-Hop, and Popular Music (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008).
Brittney Cooper, Susana M. Morris, and Robin M. Boylorn eds., The Crunk Feminist Collection (New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 2017).
Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994).
James Haskins, One Nation Under a Groove: Rap Music and its Roots (New York: Hyperion Books, 2000).
Adam Woog, From Ragtime to Hip-Hop: A Century of Black American Music (Detroit: Lucent Books, 2007).

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dylan Mandelblatt, Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey J, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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World History, Year 2 Preview

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green talks about the future of Crash Course, which in this case is the past because we're going to teach some more World History. This year, things will be a little more topical. We'll be talking about big ideas like money and debt, disease, and war. And Vikings.

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How Laws Affect Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #8

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

If you’ve been paying attention to the news since, oh, say, 2020, then you’ll no doubt be aware that public health policy can often create tension. Having policies that affect public health can, and does, save lives, but not all policies affecting our health are “health policies.” Don’t worry, we’re going to break it all down in this episode of Crash Course Public Health, where we will discuss how an orthopedic surgeon’s love of racing helped create seatbelt policies in the US, and why sometimes laws governing what can be built where affect our health.

Chapters:
Seat Belts & Your Health 00:00
Understanding Health & Policy 2:21
Vaccination Policies 4:40
How Policies Save Lives 6:42
Who Makes Health Policy? 10:01
Review & Credits 12:33

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dylan Mandelblatt, Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey J, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Adolescence: Crash Course Psychology #20

Sat, 15 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank has a look at that oh-so-troublesome time in everyone's life: Adolescence! He talks about identity, individuality, and The Breakfast Club.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The Breakfast Club 00:00
Erikson's 8 Stages of Progressive Psychosocial Development 2:05
Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion 2:51
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation 3:39
Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation 4:35
Late Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair 5:10
Physical Changes in Adulthood 5:57
Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence 6:50
Dementia & Alzheimer's Disease 8:10
Review & Credits 9:25
--
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Global Health: Crash Course Public Health #9

Sat, 15 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Disease doesn’t care about national borders. The pathogen hopping the red eye from Berlin to Boston doesn’t need a passport. So, in order to be proactive about protecting our health, we need to think globally. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re traveling around the world to look struggles and triumphs of public health on a global scale.

Chapters:
Introduction to Global Health 00:00
The WHO 2:15
Communicable Disease 3:26
Non-communicable Disease 6:11
Foreign Aid 8:33
Economic Inequality 11:57
Review & Credits 14:18

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dylan Mandelblatt, Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey J, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Literature Outtakes

Sat, 15 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green sings the Crash Course intro song, is interrupted by quite possibly the loudest truck in all existence, and attempts to pronounce the most difficult word in the history of words - which is apparently "misanthropy."

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Toni Morrison: Crash Course Black American History #48

Sat, 15 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Today, Clint Smith will teach you about the legendary writer Toni Morrison. Morrison is best known for her novels which chronicle the experiences of Black Americans throughout history. She was the first Black American Woman to win a Nobel Prize for Literature.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Want to learn more about Toni Morrison's work? Check out these videos from Crash Course Literature:
Slavery, Ghosts, and Beloved: Crash Course Literature 214: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lQyPgaakY4
Sula: Crash Course Literature 309: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAHYT5gIPZg

VIDEO SOURCES
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).
Nellie Y. McKay, ed. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison (Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988).
Philip Page, Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison’s Novels (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995).
Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am. Directed by Timothy Greenfield-Sanders. June 21, 2019.
https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/toni-morrison-death-2019
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, pineapples of solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Monkeys and Morality: Crash Course Psychology #19

Fri, 14 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes a look at a few experiments that helped us understand how we develop as human beings. Things like attachment, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and morality are all discussed... also, a seriously unpleasant study with monkeys and fake mothers.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Attachment 00:00
Harlow's Monkey Mother Experiment 0:47
Touch 2:16
Familiarity 3:01
Attachment Styles: Secure, Insecure Ambivalent, & Insecure Avoidant 3:57
The Importance of Attachment Styles 5:24
Developing Self-Concept 6:45
Parenting Models: Authoritarian, Permissive, & Authoritative 7:36
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 8:18
Preconventional Morality Phase 9:27
Conventional Morality Phase 9:44
Postconventional Morality Phase 10:00
Review & Credits 10:48
--
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The Future of Public Health: Crash Course Public Health #10

Fri, 14 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

We don’t know what the next big scientific breakthrough is going to be or what futuristic diseases we’ll encounter. But when it comes to our health, we actually have a pretty good idea of what could be next. And we also have some ideas about what we need to do today to prepare. In this final episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re going to take a look into the future with some roadmaps from the present.

Chapters:
Looking to the Future 00:00
Disease Surveillance 2:55
A Planetary Approach 5:05
Technology & Misinformation 8:12
Health Equity 10:46
Review & Credits 11:39

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDjqc55aK3kywF2dd97_Jh5iP0d2ARhdo

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dylan Mandelblatt, Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Michael Wang, Stacey J, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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The Poetry of Sylvia Plath: Crash Course Literature 216

Fri, 14 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the poetry of Sylvia Plath. When a lot of people think about Sylvia Plath, they think about her struggles with mental illness and her eventual suicide. Her actual work can get lost in the shuffle a bit, so this video really tries to focus on the poetry. You'll learn about Sylvia Plath's role as a feminist poet, and you'll also learn about her extraordinary ability to recreate the experiences of real life in a beautiful and relatable way.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Hurricane Katrina: Crash Course Black American History #49

Fri, 14 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Clint Smith details his experience as a teenager in New Orleans when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005. The widespread devastation of Hurricane Katrina was a result of faulty levees and a fumbled response by FEMA, and it hit Black residents the hardest. Today, we'll take a closer look at the structural racism that made this disaster so catastrophic.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination: The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions - John B. McConahay
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/levee/
https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/why-hurricane-katrina-was-not-a-natural-disaster
https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/288
Jed Horne, Breach of Faith: Hurricane Katrina and the Near Death of a Great American City (New York: Random House, 2006).
D’Ann R. Penner and Keith C. Ferdinand, Overcoming Katrina: African American Voices from the Crescent City and Beyond (London, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
Jeremy Levitt and Matthew Whitaker, Hurricane Katrina: America's Unnatural Disaster (Lincoln, N.E.: University of Nebraska Press, 2009).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54237/

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, pineapples of solidarity, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Growth of Knowledge: Crash Course Psychology #18

Thu, 13 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

How does our knowledge grow? It turns out there are some different ideas about that. Schemas, Four-Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding all play different roles but the basic idea is that children think about things very differently than adults. Hank explains in today's episode of Crash Course Psychology.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Cognitive Development 00:00
Maturation 1:23
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 1:45
Schemas 2:39
Assimilation & Accommodation 3:03
Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development 3:37
Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development 4:37
Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development 6:40
Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development 7:06
Reception of Piaget's Four-Step Model 7:20
Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding 7:48
Review & Credits 8:58
--
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Barack Obama: Crash Course Black American History #50

Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Barack Obama was the first Black man elected President in the United States in 2008. In this episode, Clint Smith will explore the early life, political career, presidential campaign, and legislative milestones of Barack Obama.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed, is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity ,Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks

__

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Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance: Crash Course Literature 215

Thu, 13 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the poetry of Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes was a poet and playwright in the first half of the 20th century, and he was involved in the Harlem Renaissance, which was a cultural movement among African Americans of the time that produced all kinds of great works in literature, poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and other areas. The Harlem Renaissance mainly happened in Harlem, the traditionally black neighborhood in upper Manhattan in New York City. Langston Hughes was primarily known as a poet, but he was involved deeply in the movement itself as well. John will teach you a bit about Hughes's background, and he'll examine a few of his best-known poems.

Learn more about Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance in Episode #26 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKaegbtcE00

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Black Lives Matter: Crash Course Black American History #51

Thu, 13 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In the final episode of Crash Course Black American History, Clint Smith teaches you about the Black Lives Matter movement. We'll discuss some of the major events that contributed to the rise of BLM, including the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and George Floyd, and the way that social media was utilized by Black organizers to gain support for the movement.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935

SOURCES:
Barbara Ransby, Making All Black Lives Matter: Reimagining Freedom in the Twenty-First Century (Berkeley, C.A.: University of California Press 2018).
Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016).
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity ,Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks

__

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The Power of Motivation: Crash Course Psychology #17

Wed, 12 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Feeling motivated? Even if you are, do you know why? The story of Aaron Ralston can tell us a lot about motivation. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tells us Ralston's story, as well as 4 theories of motivation and some evolutionary perspectives on motivation.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Motivation 00:00
What is Motivation? 1:08
Evolutionary Perspective: Instincts 1:29
Drive-Reduction Theory: Homeostasis & Incentives 2:37
Optimal Arousal 3:39
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 4:49
How Sex Motivates Us 5:29
How Hunger Motivates Us 6:32
Effects of Hunger & Starvation 7:59
How Social Belonging Motivates Us 9:33
Review & Credits 10:34
--
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Crash Course Climate and Energy Preview

Wed, 12 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Climate and Energy! Over the next 12 episodes, we’re going to take a look at the ways climate change is affecting our planet, untangle the evolving energy landscape, and learn to think critically about how we, as individuals and as a society, can affect the outcomes. Navigating the politics of climate science is challenging, and such a daunting global issue can feel overwhelming. But there is hope! We’re going to help you understand some of the solutions we can employ to help decarbonize our energy sources and address global climate issues.

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Pineapples of Solidarity ,Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks

__

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Slavery, Ghosts, and Beloved: Crash Course Literature 214

Wed, 12 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Beloved by Toni Morrison. I'll warn you upfront, this book is something of a downer. That's because it deals with subjects like slavery, the death of a child, a potential haunting, and a bunch of other sad stuff. John will talk about Beloved in relation to slavery, and how that terrible institution affected individuals, families, and all of American culture in the years surrounding the Civil War. We will also not be getting into whether or not Beloved was a ghost because it really has no bearing on what the book has to say. Also, as usual, spoilers abound, so we recommend you read the book before you watch this video!

Want to learn more about Toni Morrison? Check out this episode of Crash Course Black American History: https://youtu.be/CbzLFgW_Wgc

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #1

Wed, 12 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

We know that temperatures on Earth have fluctuated dramatically in the past, but we also know that by burning fossil fuels we are causing temperatures to rise faster than ever. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll introduce some core concepts that will help us throughout the series, like the difference between climate and weather, and take a look back through the Earth’s history at other periods of significant climate change.

Chapters:
Introduction: Climate Change 00:00
The Greenhouse Effect 2:16
Earth's Climate Record 4:54
Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution 7:58
Climate vs. Weather 9:40
Climate Change's Effects 10:34
Review & Credits 11:36

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo ,Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Language: Crash Course Psychology #16

Tue, 11 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

You know what's amazing? That we can talk to people, they can make meaning out of it, and then talk back to us. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks to us and tries to make meaning out of how our brains do this thing called Language. Plus, monkeys!

If you enjoyed this video, you'll love our mini-series on Crash Course Linguistics! Watch it here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtP5mp25nStsuDzk2blncJDW

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Kanzi the Bonobo 00:00
What is Language? 1:14
Phonemes, Morphemes, & Grammar 1:48
Receptive & Productive Language 03:15
Babbling 03:55
Early Exposure & Language Acquisition 4:29
Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory of Language Development 5:51
Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar 6:23
Aphasia 7:23
Review & Credits 9:08
--
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Why Do We Release So Much Gas?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #2

Tue, 11 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The carbon dioxide we’re pumping into the air every day is causing unprecedented global warming and climate change. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll give you a better understanding of the types of energy that cause carbon emissions, and discuss the disparities between the countries with the most emissions and those already facing the worst effects of climate change.

Chapters:
Introduction: Why We Release Carbon Dioxide 00:00
Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution 1:06
Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Sector 4:49
The Challenge of Decarbonization 9:32
Review & Credits 13:14

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo ,Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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PTSD and Alien Abduction - Slaughterhouse-Five Part 2: Crash Course Literature 213

Tue, 11 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green continues to teach you about Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut. (WARNING: When Slaughterhouse-Five was published, some of the crude language in the book caused controversy. We quote one mildly controversial line in this video. If you're mature enough to read this book, you're likely mature enough to tolerate this quote, but we're obliged to warn you about it.) Anyway, this week, John is going to talk about Slaughterhouse-Five's status as an anti-war novel, and what exactly anti-war novels are good for. He'll also get into the idea of free will, and to what degree Billy Pilgrim's time travel and abduction by aliens were hallucinations induced by posttraumatic stress disorder. John will even give you an interpretation of why the Tralfamadorians look like toilet plungers. Hint: it has to do with plunging metaphorical toilets.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Can We Make Electricity Without Fossil Fuels?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #3

Tue, 11 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Nearly a third of all our greenhouse gas emissions come from generating electricity. Scientists agree that we have to find ways to make electricity without releasing so much carbon dioxide into the air. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’re going to tell you about some of the ways scientists and engineers are decarbonizing the electricity supply with energy sources such as solar, wind, nuclear, and hydroelectric and the benefits and drawbacks of each.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decarbonizing Electricity 00:00
Electricity From Solar & Wind Power 2:05
Challenges of Solar & Wind Power 3:36
Hydroelectric Power 6:46
Nuclear Power 8:21
Why Carbon-Free Electricity Matters 9:52
Review & Credits 11:35

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Hilary Sturges, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo , Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Cognition - How Your Mind Can Amaze and Betray You: Crash Course Psychology #15

Mon, 10 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

We used to think that the human brain was a lot like a computer; using logic to figure out complicated problems. It turns out, it's a lot more complex and, well, weird than that. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses thinking & communication, solving problems, creating problems, and a few ideas about what our brains are doing up there.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Cognition 00:00
Concepts & Prototypes 1:39
Prejudice 3:00
Solving Problems: Algorithms & Heuristics 3:29
Neurology of Problem Solving 4:44
Confirmation Bias & Belief Perseverance 5:46
Mental Sets & the Availability Heuristic 6:39
Framing 9:01
Review & Credits 9:46
--
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How Can We Store Renewable Energy?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #4

Mon, 10 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Decarbonizing our power production is vitally important if we want to curtail climate change, but there are some major logistical issues we’re going to have to overcome before we can do that. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at the challenges we face when creating, distributing, and storing electricity from renewable sources.

Chapters:
Introduction: Storing Carbon-Free Electricity 00:00
Electricity As An Energy Carrier 1:10
The Electric Grid 2:10
Electricity Supply & The Duck Curve 3:30
Electrochemical Storage of Electricity 6:20
Chemical Storage of Electricity 7:28
Mechanical Storage of Electricity 8:20
Thermal Storage of Electricity 8:57
Transmitting Carbon-Free Electricity 9:52
Review & Credits 11:28

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Aliens, Time Travel, and Dresden - Slaughterhouse-Five Part 1: Crash Course Literature 212

Mon, 10 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Kurt Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut wrote the book in the Vietnam era, and it closely mirrors his personal experiences in World War II, as long as you throw out the time travel and aliens and porn stars and stuff. Slaughterhouse-Five tells the story of Billy Pilgrim, a World War II veteran who was a prisoner of war, survived the Battle of the Bulge and the fire-bombing of Dresden, goes home after the war, and has trouble adapting to civilian life (this is the part that's like Vonnegut's own experience). Billy Pilgrim has flashbacks to the war that he interprets as being "unstuck in time." He believes he's been abducted by aliens, and pretty much loses it. You'll learn a little about Vonnegut's life, quite a bit about Dresden, and probably more than you'd like about barbershop quartets as a metaphor for post-traumatic stress.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Can We Keep Warm and Stay Cool Without Fossil Fuels?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #5

Mon, 10 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Humans have come up with some clever ways of keeping cool when it's warm, and staying warm when it’s cool. But unfortunately, our heating and air conditioning systems are worsening the climate crisis. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at some of the ways we might be able to decarbonize those systems to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they produce.

Chapters:
Introduction: Heating Without Fossil Fuels 00:00
Fracking & Natural Gas 1:18
The Problem of Heating with Coal 4:17
Cooling Without Fossil Fuels 7:03
Heat Pumps for Heating & Cooling 8:42
Alternative Fuels for Low-Carbon Heating 10:52
Review & Credits 12:28

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing
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***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this REALLY IMPORTANT EPISODE of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about how we remember and forget things, why our memories are fallible, and the dangers that can pose.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The Banana Thief 00:00
How Memories are Stored 1:12
Memory Retrieval Cues 1:58
Priming & Context-Dependent Memory 2:45
State-Dependent & Mood-Congruent Memory 3:31
Serial Position, Primacy, & Recency Effects 3:52
How Information is Forgotten 4:43
Interference & Misinformation 6:21
Issues with Eyewitness Accounts 7:02
Review & Credits 9:25
--

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Can We Gas Up... Without Gas?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #6

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

From the cars that take us downtown to the airplanes that fly us across the globe, transportation is one of the most visible and personal ways we are impacting the Earth’s climate. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll explore the benefits and challenges of electric vehicles, and look at some of the ways we’re trying to decarbonize much larger modes of transportation.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decarbonizing Transportation 00:00
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation 1:00
Electric Vehicles 3:13
Designing Pedestrian-Friendly Cities 7:19
Reducing Emissions From Trucks, Ships, & Planes 9:52
Review & Credits 12:58

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Saad Alhamidi, Katie, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Race, Class, and Gender in To Kill a Mockingbird: Crash Course Literature 211

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you MORE about To Kill a Mockingbird. In this installment, John teaches you about race, class, and gender in the American south, as seen through the eyes of Scout and Harper Lee. John will talk about how Scout learns about these aspects of the social order as she interacts with the people of the town, learns from Calpurnia, watches the trial of Tom Robinson, and endures the attack of Bob Ewell. You'll also learn a little bit about Demi Moore and Mila Kunis, and John will ask just who is the Mockingbird, anyway? Not that he'll answer that, but he'll ask it.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Can We Capture Greenhouse Gases?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #7

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

It’s one thing to say a business is carbon neutral. It’s another to be able to truly account for that carbon at all stages of the production process. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at efforts to count all those greenhouse gas emissions, reduce them, and capture the ones we can’t avoid.

Chapters:
Introduction: Carbon Neutrality 00:00
Defining Biofuels 1:05
Ethanol 2:09
Carbon Accounting & Greenwashing 3:22
Cellulosic Biofuels 6:24
Carbon Capture 7:38
Storing & Using Carbon 10:42
The Future of Carbon Emissions 11:38
Review & Credits 12:20

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Saad Alhamidi, Katie, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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How We Make Memories: Crash Course Psychology #13

Sat, 08 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Remember that guy from 300? What was his name? ARG!!! It turns out our brains make and recall memories in different ways. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about the way we do it, what damaging that process can do to us, and that guy... with the face and six-pack...

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Memory 00:00
Accessing Memory: Recall, Recognition, and Relearning 1:44
How Memory is Stored 2:48
Working Memory 4:24
Explicit Memory 4:56
Implicit Memory 5:19
Types of Long-Term Memory: Procedural & Episodic 6:12
Mnemonics, Chunking, and Memory Tricks 6:59
Shallow vs. Deep Processing 7:28
The Importance of Memory 8:33
Review & Credits 9:06
--

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How Will Climate Change Continue to Affect Us?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #8

Sat, 08 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Our warming planet isn’t just a threat to future generations; it’s a threat to us right now. If we don’t mitigate it, the continued rise in global temperature will have ripple effects throughout ecosystems and communities. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll look at how climate change has already affected our planet, and what the future might hold.

Chapters:
Introduction: Climate Change 00:00
Global Warming 1:03
Extreme Weather Events 2:08
Climate Models 4:29
Climate Change's Ripple Effects 6:54
Feedback Loops 10:22
The Future of Climate Change 11:16
Review & Credits 12:43

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Saad Alhamidi, Katie, Austin Zielman, Tori Thomas, Justin Snyder, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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To Kill a Mockingbird, Part 1 - Crash Course Literature 210

Sat, 08 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Harper Lee's famous novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. John will cover a bit about Harper Lee's personal life, (seeing as this novel has some autobiographical elements) and her long association with Truman Capote, who figures as a character in the book. You'll get an overview of the plot, and we'll talk a bit about Mockingbird as an example of bildungsroman (again) and Southern Gothic, and look into the novel as a commentary on the racism and patriarchy of the Alabama in which Harper Lee grew up.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Are Natural Disasters Actually Natural? (Climate Justice): Crash Course Climate and Energy #9

Sat, 08 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Climate change has no bias, but our societies and systems do. And although it’s a danger to all of us, a changing climate affects some groups disproportionately, raising issues of justice and equity. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at the ways injustice within societal structures causes climate change to affect some more than others and discuss some of the work that environmental justice advocates are doing in response.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Rohingya & Climate Inequality 00:00
How Climate Affects Our Lives 1:45
Climate Justice 3:22
Redlining & Climate Inequality 7:18
Social Inequality & The Climate 9:43
Renewable Energy & Inequality 12:15
Review & Credits 13:21

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Bobo Beatdown: Crash Course Psychology #12

Fri, 07 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about how we learn by observation... and how that can mean beating up an inanimate clown named Bobo.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The Bobo Doll Experiment 00:00
Social Cognitive Learning 1:05
Limitations of Classical & Operant Conditioning 1:58
Learning Associations 2:38
Learning & Cognition 4:06
Latent Learning 4:58
Observational Learning, Modeling, & Imitation 5:36
Reward Pathways & Mirror Neurons 6:59
Observational Social Learning 7:58
Review & Credits 8:48
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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International Climate Agreements: Crash Course Climate and Energy #10

Fri, 07 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Climate change is being addressed by individuals, activist groups, and large corporations, but it’s going to take getting entire nations on board if we want to really meet our climate goals. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll learn about the alphabet soup that is global climate organization and take a look at some successful – and not-so-successful – international climate policies.

Chapters:
Introduction: Global Cooperation 00:00
The UNEP, IPCC, & UNFCCC 1:43
The Kyoto Protocol 5:34
The Paris Agreement & Green Climate Fund 6:43
The Stockholm Declaration 8:30
The Montreal Protocol & Kigali Amendment 10:06
Review & Credits 12:09

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Things Fall Apart, Part 2: Crash Course Literature 209

Fri, 07 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green concludes teaching you about Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. You'll learn about the historical contexts of Things Fall Apart, including 19th-century colonization and 20th-century decolonization. We're going to learn a little bit about Achebe's childhood between two cultures, cover Okonkwo's sad, sad end, and even learn a little about The Babysitters Club.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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The Hidden Price of Climate Change: Crash Course Climate and Energy #11

Fri, 07 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Ditching fossil fuels is the most important thing we can do to combat climate change, but it can feel like wandering through a labyrinth to try to do so. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we'll explore why it's so hard for us to break up with fossil fuels and the ways governments and fuel companies affect our relationship with them.

Chapters:
Introduction: Ditching Fossil Fuels 00:00
Why Fossil Fuels Are Everywhere 1:00
Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2:20
Fossil Fuels & The Economy 5:40
Cuba's Special Period 6:54
Fossil Fuels' Global Impacts 8:29
Fuel Companies & Misinformation 9:18
Review & Credits 12:20

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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How to Train a Brain: Crash Course Psychology #11

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

I'm sure you've heard of Pavlov's Bell, but what was Ivan Pavlov up to, exactly? And how are our brains trained? And what is a "Skinner Box"? All those questions and more are answered in today's Crash Course Psychology, in which Hank talks about some of the aspects of learning.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Ivan Pavlov 00:00
Associative Learning 1:33
Classical Conditioning 2:47
Behaviorist Theory 4:22
Watson's Experiments 4:46
Operant Conditioning 5:42
Positive & Negative Reinforcement 7:18
Primary Reinforcers & Conditioned Reinforcers 8:54
Reinforcement Scheduling 9:32
Review & Credits 11:00
--

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How Can We Respond to Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate and Energy #12

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Now that we know how complex and interwoven climate change is with society globally, we can begin to see it everywhere. But that heightened awareness also means we can begin to see solutions everywhere. In this episode of Crash Course Climate & Energy, we break down what needs to happen in our governments, corporations, and communities to slow the increase of Earth's average temperature.

Chapters:
Introduction: Slowing Down Climate Change 00:00
Limiting Global Warming 1:02
A Carbon-Neutral Future 3:31
Governments & Corporations 6:16
Young People Leading the Climate Movement 8:04
Climate Change is Everywhere 9:48
People Power Works 11:38
Review & Credits 12:08

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rRJ-L9TLNfPwPfzn3LdjDEw-wHtThwTfDUe2rDtFXQQ/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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If One Finger Brought Oil - Things Fall Apart Part 1: Crash Course Literature 208

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel, Things Fall Apart. You'll learn about Igboland, a region in modern-day Nigeria, prior to the arrival of the British Empire. Achebe tells the story of Okonkwo, an Igbo villager who has worked his way up from life as a sharecropped and become a respected leader in his community. Okonkwo has a tragic fall and is exiled. And then the trouble starts. British missionaries arrive and change everything. Things Fall Apart has a lot to say about colonization and even something to say about decolonization.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Crash Course Botany Preview!

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Botany! Over the next 15 episodes, Alexis Nikole Nelson will spill plants’ secrets—how they evolved, how they function, and just how vital they are to human societies and all of life on Earth. Episode 1 premieres on May 18.

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Psychology: Outtakes #1

Wed, 05 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which Hank has to say things... and it's not easy!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What is Botany? Crash Course Botany #1

Wed, 05 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Plants have got you surrounded. They’re in your toothpaste, your bedsheets, and your regular Taco Bell order. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll find out what botanists study and how knowledge of plants can help you navigate everyday life. Along the way, we’ll uncover plants’ pervasive, civilization-shaping power—and find that they have their own ways of communicating.

Chapters:
Introduction: The World of Plant Drama 00:00
What Is Botany? 1:46
Plants Are Everywhere 3:39
Agriculture 5:32
Botanical Literacy 6:58
Plant Awareness Disparity 9:48
Review & Credits 12:17

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Reader, it's Jane Eyre - Crash Course Literature 207

Wed, 05 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Charlotte Brontë's classic coming of age novel, Jane Eyre. Look, we don't like to make judgment values here, but Jane Eyre is awesome. By which we mean the book is great, and the character is amazing. When Jane Eyre was published in 1847, it was a huge hit. It really hit the controversial balance beautifully, being edgy enough to make news, but still mainstream enough to be widely popular. It was sort of like the Fight Club of its day, but not quite as testosterone-fueled. You'll learn a little about the story, learn about Jane as a feminist heroine, and even get some critical analysis on how Bertha might just be a dark mirror that acts out Jane's emotional reactions.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Crash Course Biology Preview

Wed, 05 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Biology! Over the next 50 episodes, Dr. Sammy will show you how you are connected to every bug, bat, and bacteria that has ever lived. From itty-bitty cells to vast global systems, we’ll see how biology can help us understand ourselves better—and our relationships with the living (and non-living) things all around us. Now I know some of you might be thinking: “Didn’t you already do a Biology series?” Yes, we did. But we’re using everything that we’ve learned over the past decade of Crash Course to make you an even better series. Biology 2.0, if you will. Extra-shiny!

By the way, we're publishing all 50 episodes of this series in English AND Spanish! Check out Crash Course Biología on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://youtu.be/winQBV3Fyx0

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Crash Course Biology is hosted by Dr. Samuel Ramsey. Learn more about him here: https://www.drsammy.online/

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Altered States: Crash Course Psychology #10

Tue, 04 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

You may think you know all about hypnosis from the movies. Zoolander, The Manchurian Candidate, etc... but there's a whole lot more going on. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tells us about some of the many altered states of consciousness, including hypnosis.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Hypnosis & Altered States of Consciousness 00:00
Facts & Fallacies About Hypnosis 2:00
How does hypnosis work? 3:05
Drug Tolerance & Neuroadaptation 4:49
Psychoactive Drugs 5:51
Depressants 6:28
Stimulants 7:35
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics 9:04
Non-Drug Induced Hallucinations 9:33
Review & Credits 10:32
--

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What Are Plants Made Of? Crash Course Botany #2

Tue, 04 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

When you eat a salad for lunch, you’re digging into a giant pile of plant organs. That’s right—plants are made up of organs, only theirs follow a totally different set of rules from our own. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore what it takes to build a plant, including roots, leaves, and stems, and how one little tomato went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Chapters
Introduction: Plant Organs 00:00
Stem Cells & Meristems 1:12
Stems 3:19
Leaves 4:32
Roots 6:55
Fruits & Vegetables 9:36
Review 14:23
Extra Credit 15:57

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

Check out Women of Earth from PBS Terra here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnNZYWyBGJ1GtO7rajhe7u7dj-PegxDc5

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Frankenstein, Part 2: Crash Course Literature 206

Tue, 04 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green continues to teach you about Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. You'll learn about romantic vs Romantic, the latter of which is a literary movement. John will also look at a few different critical readings of Frankenstein, and you'll learn about Victor's motivations. We'll also look a little bit at the moral limitations of science, if there are any.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Plant Cells and Hormones: Crash Course Botany #3

Tue, 04 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

At first glance, plant and animal cells have a lot in common: they’re both highly organized, keep their DNA tucked away in an envelope, and are kinda juicy inside. But plant cells have evolved some wild features that set them apart from animal cells. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll ask: are plants more than the sum of their cells?

Chapters:
The Discovery of Cells 00:00
Plant & Animal Cell Similarities 1:31
Plant & Animal Cell Differences 3:46
Plant Hormones 6:53
Auxin 9:29
Plant Cell Theories 10:40
Review & Credits 11:42

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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To Sleep, Perchance to Dream: Crash Course Psychology #9

Mon, 03 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Why do we sleep? Well... that's a tricky question. More easily answered is the question, "How do we sleep?" In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses some of the ways our brain functions when sleeping and how it can malfunction as well.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: What Happens When We're Sleeping? 00:00
What is sleep and why do we do it? 1:20
How do we sleep? 1:56
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) 2:38
4 Stages of Sleep 3:08
Sleep Deprivation 4:28
Sleep Disorders 4:47
What do we dream about? 6:08
Why do we dream? 7:26
Review & Credits 9:46
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1

Mon, 03 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Biology is the study of life—a four-letter word that connects you to 4 billion years worth of family tree. The word “life” can be tricky to define, but a shared set of characteristics helps biologists identify living things. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, you’ll learn how all of life is connected, and why studying biology can help us better understand ourselves and our relationship to all living things.

Chapters:
Welcome to Crash Course Biology! 00:00
Life's Characteristics 2:14
Is a Virus Alive? 6:18
Life Beyond Earth 8:52
Biology and You 10:03
All Life is Connected 10:44
Review & Credits 11:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Check out a free collection of kahoots based on this video here: https://create.kahoot.it/course/ccc14ccd-b511-4c6a-bd54-30965b18e530

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Crash Course Biology is hosted by Dr. Samuel Ramsey. Learn more about him here: https://www.drsammy.online/

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Don't Reanimate Corpses! Frankenstein Part 1: Crash Course Literature 205

Mon, 03 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein. Sure, you know Frankenstein the cultural phenomenon, but how much do you know about the novel that started it all? You'll learn about the Romantic movement in English lit, of which Frankenstein is a GREAT example, and you'll learn that Frankenstein might just be the first SciFi novel. Once again, literature comes down to just what it means to be human. John will review the plot, take you through a couple of different critical readings of the novel, and will discuss the final disposition of Percy Shelley's heart.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Scientific Method: Crash Course Biology #2

Mon, 03 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Science offers a way of discovering and understanding the world around us, driven by questions and tested with evidence. And it’s a twisty-turny team effort— you won’t find many lone geniuses out there, or straight lines from hypothesis to conclusion. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll talk about the big picture of how scientific progress is made, from peer review to mathematical models, with some exploding eggs along the way.

Chapters:
Introduction to Science 00:00
The Scientific Method 2:25
Science is a Team Effort 5:18
The Scientific Theory 7:59
Peer Review 9:50
Scientific Models 11:01
Review & Credits 12:57

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Check out a free collection of kahoots based on this video here: https://create.kahoot.it/course/4a5d6df0-1d7b-4b6b-81b4-708faa9b6e00

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Consciousness: Crash Course Psychology #8

Sun, 02 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

What exactly is consciousness? Well... that's kind of a gray area. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives you the basic ideas of what consciousness is, how our attention works, and why we shouldn't text and drive... ever... no, really, NEVER!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Consciousness? 00:00
States of Consciousness 1:51
Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuroimaging 2:16
Dual Processing 3:33
Selective Attention 4:23
Inattentional Blindness 6:13
How Magicians Use Psychology 7:08
Review & Credits 8:38
--

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What Do These Creepy Plant Mouths Do? (Plant Tissues): Crash Course Botany #4

Sun, 02 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Plants—they’re just like us! Well, not exactly, but they do have skin and hair like us…even if they also have creepy little alien mouths. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’re getting up close and personal with plants’ anatomy by diving right into plant tissue under a microscope. Let’s learn what plants are really made of.

Chapters:
Dr. Katherine Esau 00:00
Plant Tissues 1:29
Dermal Tissue 2:09
Vascular Tissue 3:59
Ground Tissue 5:50
Under the Microscope 7:44
Review & Credits 11:10

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Ophelia, Gertrude, and Regicide - Hamlet Part 2: Crash Course Literature 204

Sun, 02 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you MORE about Bill Shakespeare's Hamlet. John talks about gender roles in Hamlet, and what kind of power and agency Ophelia and Gertrude had, if they had any at all (spoiler alert: we think they did). You'll also learn about regicide, Ophelia's flowers, and Hamlet's potential motivations. Also, Oedipus comes up again, but we don't buy it.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Crash Course Botany #5

Sun, 02 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Plants and trees may seem pretty passive, but behind the scenes, their cells are working hard to put on a magic show. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore how the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration work, why they’re so critical for all life on Earth, and how they’re helping us to forge a greener path to the future.

Chapters:
Plants' Magic Show 00:00
Photosynthesis 1:27
The Light-Dependent Reactions 3:02
The Light-Independent Reactions 4:18
Cellular Respiration 5:32
Biofuels 8:50
Review & Credits 11:43

Special thanks to Hannah Bodenhausen for additional post-production support on this episode!

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Perceiving is Believing: Crash Course Psychology #7

Sat, 01 Aug 2026 23:03:00 -0000

So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Perception: Your Mind's Eye 1:06
Perceptual Set 1:53
Optical Illusions 3:13
Form Perception & Figure-Ground Relationships 3:44
Rules of Grouping: Proximity, Continuity, & Closure 4:53
Depth Perception 5:40
Binocular vs. Monocular Visual Cues 6:11
Motion Perception 7:50
Perceptual Constancy 8:15
Review & Credits 9:12
--

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What Biologists Do: Crash Course Biology #3

Sat, 01 Aug 2026 17:03:00 -0000

A biologist’s natural habitat is anywhere questions about life are being asked—whether the subject is a nematode or a narwhal, a single cell, or a whole ecosystem. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’re flipping the microscope around to show how biologists’ work goes down. Along the way, we’ll learn why zebrafish and fruit flies are some of biology’s next top models.

Chapters:
Studying Life 00:00
Your Local Biologist 1:20
Biologists At Work 3:05
Real Life Biologists 5:17
Model Organisms 8:49
Review & Credits 11:10

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Ghosts, Murder, and More Murder - Hamlet Part 1: Crash Course Literature 203

Sat, 01 Aug 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Hamlet, William Shakespeare's longest and most-performed play. People love Hamlet. The play that is, not necessarily the character. Hamlet is a Tragedy with a capital T (I guess I don't have to point that out since you can see clearly in the text that the T was capitalized). By Tragedy, I mean virtually everyone dies at the end. John will talk a little bit about the history of the play and the different versions of it that have appeared in the centuries since it was written. You'll also learn about some of the big themes in the play, get a brief plot overview, and the all-important connections between Prince Hamlet and Simba, the Lion King. Seriously though, The Lion King is totally just a Hamlet musical with animals instead of people.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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How Did Plants Evolve?: Crash Course Botany #6

Sat, 01 Aug 2026 05:03:00 -0000

“You shouldn’t make decisions when you’re hungry.” Tell that to the cell that ate a bacterium 1.5 billion years ago and set in motion the evolution of all plants on Earth. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore how plants came to exist, the forces that drive plant evolution, and how we know what Earth’s prehistoric dystopia was like before plants came along.

Chapters:
A World Without Plants 00:00
Plants' Origin Story 1:09
Defining Evolution 3:06
The Five Forces of Evolution 5:15
Studying Plant Evolution 10:01
Plants' Evolutionary History 11:04
Review & Credits 13:54

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Homunculus: Crash Course Psychology #6

Fri, 31 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

HOMUNCULUS! It's a big and weird word that you may or may not have heard before, but do you know what it means? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us a deeper understanding of this weird model of human sensation.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: HOMUNCULUS 00:00
Sensation vs. Perception 1:22
Sound Waves 1:48
How Human Hearing Works 2:20
How Human Taste Works 3:25
Synesthesia 4:24
How Human Smell Works 5:48
How Human Touch Works 7:23
Kinesthesis 8:34
Vestibular Sense 9:02
Credits 9:47

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How Do We Categorize Plants?: Crash Course Botany #7

Fri, 31 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Humans make stuff up—including the names and classifications of living things. But those categories are still useful. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore how taxonomy and systematics help us understand what plants are and where they come from. We’ll discuss the power of naming, and why even scientists don’t agree on what a species is.

Chapters:
Categorizing Plants 00:00
What Is a Plant? 1:26
Taxonomy & Systematics 3:15
Indigenous Taxonomic Knowledge 6:36
Species Concepts 9:10
Review & Credits 12:11

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Fate, Family, and Oedipus Rex: Crash Course Literature 202

Fri, 31 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about one of the least family-friendly family dramas in the history of family dramas, Oedipus Rex. Sophocles' most famous play sees its main character, who seems like he's got it all together, find out that he's killed his father, married his mother, had a bunch of incest children, and brought a plague down on his adopted hometown. He doesn't take this news well. John touches on all the classic Oedipus themes, including hamartia, fate, and the wrath of the gods, and even gets into some Freud, although Oedipus was notably not a sufferer of an Oedipus complex. In any case get ready for mystery, incest, bird entrails, and self-inflicted blindness. Very dramatic.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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How Life is Organized: Crash Course Biology #4

Fri, 31 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Here on Earth, life is dizzyingly diverse—but it’s also surprisingly organized. A sense of order structures life and its processes, from the tiniest cell to the total sum of every living thing. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll uncover the levels of biological organization, discover soil’s superpowers, and find out why the biosphere is kind of like a really, really long train.

Chapters:
Life's Layers 00:00
Themes of Life 1:54
Form Fits Function 4:08
Regulation 5:29
Levels of Organization 6:39
Life's Flows 9:55
Review & Credits 12:15

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Allyson Martin, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Sensation and Perception: Crash Course Psychology #5

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Just what is the difference between sensing and perceiving? And how does vision actually work? And what does this have to do with a Corgi? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us on a journey through the brain to better explain these and other concepts. Plus, you know, CORGI!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Face Blindness (Prosopagnosia) 00:00
Sensation vs. Perception 0:54
Sense Thresholds 1:43
How Human Vision Works 4:23
Visible Light Spectrum 5:00
How the Human Eye Processes Light 6:01
Rods & Cones 6:31
Human Color Vision 6:56
Visual Cortex 8:02
Parallel Processing 9:30
Review & Credits 9:52
--

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Intro to Ecology: Why Did All These Elephants Die?: Crash Course Biology #5

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Ecology is the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their environment. It’s a field that not only lets us explore the interconnections between living things, but also how our environment affects us, and how we influence it in turn. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll get an overview of the field of ecology, see how matter and energy are conserved and transferred through ecosystems, and follow an ecological mystery surrounding the deaths of hundreds of elephants in Botswana, Africa.

Chapters:
An Ecological Mystery 00:00
Biotic & Abiotic Factors 1:13
Ecosystems 3:15
Fields of Ecology 5:54
Trophic Levels 7:04
Energy Flow through Ecosystems 9:25
Review & Credits 11:48

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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A Long and Difficult Journey, or The Odyssey: Crash Course Literature 201

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Homer's Odyssey. If it was Homer's If Homer was even real. Anyway, that stuff doesn't really matter. John teaches you the classic, by which I mean classical, epic poem, the Odyssey. The Journey of Odysseus as he made his way home after the conclusion of the Trojan War is the stuff of legend. Literally. John will teach you about the double standard in Greek culture, Odysseus as jerk/hero, ancient PTSD, and cycles of violence. Also, there are no yogurt jokes. So think of that as a gift.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Why Don't These Plants Need Seeds? (Moss and Ferns): Crash Course Botany #8

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Forget your favorite flowers, because we’re talking all about the mean green sporing machines. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we'll dive into the first few branches of plants’ phylogenetic tree—bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, like mosses and ferns. These plants are the unsung heroes of the botanical world, and we’re giving them their due.

Chapters:
The Plant World's Unsung Heroes 00:00
Plant Phylogeny 1:09
Bryophytes 3:08
The Bryophyte Life Cycle 7:15
Seedless Vascular Plants 9:39
Review & Credits 12:20

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, we get to meet the brain. Hank talks us through the Central Nervous System, the ancestral structures of the brain, the limbic system, and new structures of the brain. Plus, what does Phineas Gage have to do with all of this?

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Phrenology 00:00
Localized Parts of the Brain Control Different Functions 1:01
Basics of the Central Nervous System 2:15
The Curious Case of Phineas Gage 2:50
Brain Structures 5:15
Ancestral Structures of the Brain 5:37
"Old Brain" - Brain Stem, Medulla, Pons, Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum 6:17
Limbic System - Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Pituitary Gland 7:31
Gray Matter & Brain Hemispheres 8:32
Cerebral Cortex 9:31
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobes 10:06
Specialized Regions: Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, & Association Areas 10:32
Review & Credits 11:39
--

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Why Do Flowers Exist? (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms): Crash Course Botany #9

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You couldn’t go a day without interacting with gymnosperms and angiosperms, the two most prominent groups of plants on the planet. We rely on them for food, clothing, and shelter — but why are they so common? In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll find out how their seeds and flowers propelled them to evolutionary success.

Chapters:
How Plants Move 00:00
How Seeds Evolved 1:23
Types of Gymnosperms 5:17
Angiosperms 6:25
Dr. Else Marie Friis 8:00
Flower Structure 10:00
Why Angiosperms Thrived 10:39
Review & Credits 12:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Crash Course US History Outtakes #5

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green mispronounces words, asks if jokes are appropriate, and struggles to use the teleprompter.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Community Ecology: Interspecies Interactions: Crash Course Biology #6

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Community ecology is the study of interactions between different species of living things, and lets ecologists examine the effects of predator-prey relationships, parasites, and mutually beneficial interactions. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll examine the myriad interspecies interactions with examples, see how keystone species impact their environment and explore how communities rebuild when they are disrupted, through the lens of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Chapters:
Community Ecology 0:00
Community Disturbances 2:29
Interspecies Interactions 3:55
Competition 7:35
Community Regulation 10:30
Review & Credits 13:06

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Chemical Mind: Crash Course Psychology #3

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

BAHHHHHH! Did I scare you? What exactly happens when we get scared? How does our brain make our body react? Just what are Neurotransmitters? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us to the simplest part of the complex system of our brains and nervous systems: the neuron.
--
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--

Chapters:
Introduction: Brain Chemicals 00:00
Neurons 1:31
Parts of a Neuron 2:07
Synapses 3:08
Neurotransmitters 3:58
Excitatory Neurotransmitters 4:48
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters 5:10
More Neurotransmitters 5:30
Hormones 6:08
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems 6:44
Endocrine System Glands 7:19
The Pituitary Gland 7:58
How the Nervous & Endocrine Systems Work Together 8:33
Credits 9:33

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What Do Pea Plants Have To Do With Your Eye Color? (Mendelian Genetics): Crash Course Botany #10

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

All of the different plants on Earth have come about thanks to the simple rules of genetic inheritance, which determine how traits are passed on from one generation to the next. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore the remarkable story of Gregor Mendel, a botanist and mathematician who laid the groundwork for modern genetics with little more than some peas and a paintbrush.

Chapters:
Peas & a Paintbrush 00:00
Gregor Mendel 1:05
Mendel's Experiments 2:57
Phenotype & Genotype 4:40
Mendel's Principles of Inheritance 5:38
Effects of Mendel's Research 9:14
Review & Credits 12:14

Check out PBS Food here: https://www.youtube.com/@PBSFood

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

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Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

So how do we apply the scientific method to psychological research? Lots of ways, but today Hank talks about case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and interviews, and experimentation. Also, he covers different kinds of bias in experimentation and how research practices help us avoid them.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Intuition & Hindsight Bias 00:00
The Scientific Method 2:05
Case Studies 3:05
Naturalistic Observation 3:48
Surveys and Interviews 4:15
Drawing Conclusions 5:26
Experimentation 6:35
Experiment Time! 7:48
Review 9:54
--

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Population Ecology: How We Saved the Bald Eagle: Crash Course Biology #7

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

When the Bald Eagle population started to decline in the mid-20th century, scientists began to ask why. Population ecology, the study of organisms of the same species, played a big role in answering that question. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a look at the methods population ecologists use to study a population and the types of data they collect. We’ll also find out how scientists helped bring the Bald Eagle back from the brink.

Chapters:
Introduction to Population Ecology 00:00
Density 2:51
Dispersion 6:02
Demographics 7:13
Population Growth 8:22
Review & Credits 11:26

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Obamanation: Crash Course US History #47

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about recent history. By which we mean VERY recent history. John covers the end of George W. Bush's administration presidency of Barack Obama (so far). Some people would say, "It's too soon to try to interpret the historical importance of such recent events!" To those people, we answer, "You're right." Nonetheless, it's worthwhile to take a look at the America we live in right now as a way of looking back at how far we've come. Anyway, John will teach you about Obama's election, some of his policies like the Affordable Care Act, the 2009 stimulus, and the continuation of the war on terror. If you still can't reconcile a history course teaching such recent stuff, just think of this one as a current events episode.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. President Barack Obama leaned into discussions on race in his 2013 remarks on the Trayvon Martin ruling: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-obama-s-remarks-on-trayvon-martin-ruling
President Obama responded to economic inequality and partisanship in his 2015 State of the Union Address: https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/president-obama-s-2015-state-of-the-union-address

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The 2008 Financial Crash 0:42
The Housing Bubble 1:37
The Stock Market Crash 3:30
Rising Unemployment 3:50
Big Bank Bailouts 4:21
The End of the Bush Years 5:09
Barack Obama 5:28
Mystery Document 6:22
Obama's Campaign Promises 7:38
Economic Recovery 9:36
The Affordable Care Act/"Obamacare" 10:38
Backlash Against Obama & The Tea Party 11:47
Obama's Second Term 12:50
Ideological Questions 13:27
Credits 14:51

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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GMOs are Nothing New: Plant Breeding and Gene Editing: Crash Course Botany #11

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Humans love to play with their food—in fact, we’ve been doing it for thousands of years. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we'll explore how we’ve learned to manipulate plant genetics, from breeding tastier fruits and veggies to directly editing plant genes that help crops survive climate change. And if you’ve ever wondered what GMOs are or if they’re safe, we’ve got you covered.

Chapters:
Playing With Our Food 0:00
Plant Genetics & Breeding 1:04
What Are GMOs? 4:15
How GMOs Are Made 5:01
Ancient GMOs 6:33
Are GMOs Safe? 8:30
Concerns About GMOs 9:31
Types of GMOs 11:33
Review & Credits 12:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Intro to Psychology: Crash Course Psychology #1

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

What does Psychology mean? Where does it come from? Hank gives you a 10-minute intro to one of the more tricky sciences and talks about some of the big names in the development of the field. Welcome to Crash Course Psychology!!!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: What is Psychology? 00:00
Early Thinkers in Psychology 0:46
Big Questions in Psychology 1:31
Sigmund Freud 2:21
Disciplines of Psychology 3:02
Structuralism 3:29
Functionalism 4:28
Psychoanalysis 4:58
Freud's Death & Legacy 7:01
Behaviorism 7:51
Psychodynamic Theories 8:21
Other Disciplines in Psychology 8:37
Credits 10:09

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Biology #8

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Life on Earth has weathered boiling-hot oceans and volcanic-ash-darkened skies—but that’s nothing like the climate change we’re experiencing now. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll talk about the greenhouse effect, learn why our climate is like a tangled pair of headphones, and discover that we’ve understood the science behind climate change for much longer than you might think.

Chapters:
Introduction to Climate Change 00:00
The Greenhouse Effect 2:24
Measuring the Greenhouse Effect 4:46
Carbon Sinks 8:26
Environmental Justice 10:07
Review & Credits 12:09

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Terrorism, War, and Bush 43: Crash Course US History #46

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the tumultuous 2000s in the United States of America, mainly the 2000s that coincide with the presidency of George W Bush. From the controversial election in 2000 to the events of 9/11 and Bush's prosecution of the War on Terror, the George W. Bush presidency was an eventful one. John will teach you about Bush's domestic policies like tax-cutting and education reform, and he'll get into the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The event that came to pass during Bush's presidency are still very much affecting the United States and the world today, so listen up!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Much of President Bush's term was defined by the events following the terror attack on September 11, including his support for the Patriot Act: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-bush-on-the-patriot-act
President Bush also sought to prevent discord with Muslim Americans following the 9/11 attacks in his Islam is Peace” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-bush-s-islam-is-peace-speech

Chapters:
Introduction: The 21st Century 00:00
Bush v. Gore 0:56
Bush's First 100 Days 2:57
Education Reform & "No Child Left Behind" 3:47
Bush's Tax Cuts 4:03
Mystery Document 4:17
September 11, 2001 5:25
The Bush Doctrine 6:42
Afghanistan & The Taliban 7:05
Global War on Terror 7:46
Iraq, Al Qaeda, and Sadam Hussein 8:24
The USA PATRIOT Act 9:45
The Bush Administration's Stance on Torture 11:12
Bush's Reelection 11:36
Economics & Jobs Under Bush 11:51
Controversies of the Bush Administration 12:51
Hurricane Katrina 13:06
The End of Bush's Second Term 13:43
The Significance of the Bush Era 14:20
Credits 14:55

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Secret Social Lives of Plants (Population and Community Ecology): Crash Course Botany #12

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The social dynamics of plants are as complex as those at any high school. By studying how plants interact — one-on-one, as a population, and in their communities — ecologists can figure out how to conserve our photosynthetic friends. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore these complex relationships—and eavesdrop on all the hot plant gossip.

Chapters:
Plants' Social Lives 00:00
Symbiotic Relationships 1:10
Population Ecology 4:27
Community Ecology & The Everglades 7:13
Facilitation & Competition 9:22
Community Conservation 11:41
Review & Credits 12:17

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Psychology Preview

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Psychology!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Effects of Climate Change: Crash Course Biology #9

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Climate change shakes up all of Earth’s systems, including the living ones. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll see how climate change’s effects rattle the entire chain of life. Changes felt in one population ripple out to affect entire communities and ecosystems—whether they’re composed of pine trees, puffins, or people.

Chapters:
A Changing Climate 00:00
Ecosystem Effects 2:21
Ecosystem Responses 4:38
Increased Carbon Dioxide 7:04
Effects on Society 8:46
Review & Credits 10:53

Special thanks to Linus Obenhaus for additional video editing support on this episode!

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Clinton Years, or the 1990s: Crash Course US History #45

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the United States as it was in the 1990s. You'll remember from last week that the old-school Republican George H.W. Bush had lost the 1992 presidential election to a young upstart Democrat from Arkansas named Bill Clinton. Clinton was a bit of a dark horse candidate, having survived a sex scandal during the election, but a third-party run by Ross Perot split the vote, and Clinton was inaugurated in 1993. John will teach you about Clinton's foreign policy agenda, which included NATO action in the Balkans and the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO. He'll also cover some of the domestic successes and failures of the Clinton years, including the failed attempt at healthcare reform, the pretty terrible record on GLBTQ issues, Welfare reform, which got mixed reviews, and the happier issues like the huge improvements in the economy. Also computers. Cheap, effective, readily available computers came along in the 1990s, and they kind of changed the world, culminating in this video, which is the end of the internet. Until next week.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of the largest criticisms against President Clinton's presidency was his inaction during the genocide in Rwanda which he comments on in his Remarks on the Rwandan Genocide: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-clinton-s-remarks-in-kigali-on-the-rwandan-genocide
First Lady Hillary Clinton had some foreign affairs success of her own when she delivered her 1995 speech to the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women stating that women's rights are human rights: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/first-lady-hillary-clinton-s-address-to-the-united-nations-fourth-world-conference-on-women

Chapters:
Introduction: The Clinton Years 00:00
Clinton's Foreign Policy 0:40
Terrorism During the Clinton Era 1:51
Clinton's Domestic Policy 2:12
Clinton's Triangulation Strategy 3:20
Clinton's Welfare Reforms 4:42
Economics During the Clinton Era 5:14
The E-Commerce Boom 6:27
Mystery Document 6:42
Globalization of Manufacturing, Technology, and Commerce 8:06
The Crash of 2000 8:58
Increasing Wealth Inequality 9:37
The Culture Wars 10:13
An Influx of Immigration 10:22
Diverse Family Structures 11:25
The AIDS Epidemic & LGBT Rights Movement 11:50
Imprisonment & the "War on Drugs" 12:08
Multiculturalism & Political Tensions 12:34
Clinton's Infidelity & Impeachment 13:09
Clinton's Legacy 14:19
Credits 15:00

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How We ALL Get Our Energy (Plants and Ecosystems): Crash Course Botany #13

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

From the driest deserts to the lushest forests, ecosystems are networks of life where organisms and the environment interact. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore how plants function as the foundations of these systems, without which no other life on Earth would be possible.

Chapters:
The Foundations of Ecosystems 00:00
Autotrophs 1:43
Heterotrophs 3:15
Food Webs 4:56
Protecting Wild Tomatoes 8:08
Keystone Species 10:01
Review & Credits 11:55

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

Check out PBS Terra's Untold Earth here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVeBSKK88Ig&

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Crash Course Chemistry: Outtakes #4

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

It's the final Crash Course Chemistry Outtakes episode. Enjoy as Hank struggles to say all the things!

--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Conservation Biology: Sixth Mass Extinction?: Crash Course Biology #10

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Some scientists believe we are in the middle of Earth’s sixth mass extinction: a big, precarious game of Jenga that involves every ecosystem on the planet. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll see how conservation biology aims to restore habitat and preserve biodiversity. Along the way, we’ll see how environmental damage impacts human communities, and learn about wolves’ return to Yellowstone National Park.

Chapters:
Introduction to Conservation Biology 00:00
Human Impact 3:10
Environmental Injustices 5:32
Restoration Ecology 6:53
Conservation 9:21
Review & Credits 12:19

Special thanks to Linus Obenhaus for additional video editing support on this episode!

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War: Crash Course US History #44

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the end of the Cold War and the presidency of George H.W. Bush. It was neither the best of times nor the worst of times. On the domestic front, the first president Bush inherited the relative prosperity of the later Reagan years and watched that prosperity evaporate. That was about all the interest Bush 41 had, domestically, so let's move to foreign policy, which was a bigger deal at this time. The biggie was the end of the Cold War, which is the title of the video, so you know it's important. The collapse of the Soviet Union was the biggest deal of Bush's term, and history has assigned the credit to Ronald Reagan. We give the guy a break and say that he helped. He was certainly an expert in foreign policy, having been an envoy to China, ambassador to the United Nations, and head of the CIA. Bush also oversaw the first Gulf War, which was something of a success, in that the primary mission was accomplished, and the vast majority of the troops were home in short order. It didn't do much to address some of the other problems in the region, but we'll get to that in the next few weeks. Along with all this, you'll learn about Bush's actions, or lack thereof, in Somalia and the Balkans, and you'll even be given an opportunity to read Bush's lips.

Thanks to Michael Williams at http://www.mylifeinplastic.com for the Barbies.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. During President H.W. Bush’s time in office, he oversaw the U.S. response to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the USSR: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-berlin-wall

Chapters:
Introduction: George H.W. Bush 00:00
George H.W. Bush 0:43
The Election of 1988 1:48
George H.W. Bush's Foreign Policy 3:48
Saddam Hussein & The First Iraq War 5:25
Mystery Document 6:45
Domestic Policies: FMLA & the ADA 8:08
Rodney King & the L.A. Uprisings 9:29
Economics of the Early 1990s 10:12
Bush's Failed Re-Election Campaign 11:24
George H.W. Bush's Legacy 12:34
Credits 13:20

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Can Planting Trees Fix Climate Change? (Plants and Biomes): Crash Course Botany #14

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Whether in a desert, the savanna, or a tropical rainforest, plants have an important role in the ecological processes of Earth’s biomes. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore these different living locales, the effects of climate change on them, and how our photosynthetic friends make the world go ‘round.

Chapters:
Backpacking Across Earth 00:00
Types of Biomes 1:16
Plants' Role in Biomes 2:23
How Climate Change Affects Biomes 4:36
Is Planting Trees the Answer? 8:28
Protecting Earth's Biomes 10:22
Review & Credits 11:26

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Global Carbon Cycle: Crash Course Chemistry #46

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this final episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of The Global Carbon Cycle and how it all works. From Carbon Fixation to Redox Reactions, it's all contained within!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
Table of Contents

The Carbon Cycle 0:51
Carbon Fixation 2:55
Cellular & Macroscopic Respiration in Living Things 4:59
Deposition in Limestone & Fossil Fuels 6:27
Redox Reactions Everywhere 4:27
Excessive Use of Fossil Fuels = Possible End of Humanity 7:45
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Intro to Evolution: What We Can Learn From a Giraffe's Neck: Crash Course Biology #11

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From a single-celled common ancestor, evolution has brought us all of Life’s Greatest Hits — including butterflies, beetles, bacteria, and human beings. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn how evolution explains life’s unity and diversity. Along the way, we’ll explore the fishy origins of a giraffe’s neck, and find out what a cat’s paw and your own arm have in common.

Chapters:
Where Whales Came From 00:00
What Is Evolution? 1:41
Genetic Mutations 3:30
Adaptations & Trade-offs 5:10
Evidence of Evolution 7:58
Unicellularity vs. Multicellularity 10:23
Did Humans Evolve From Monkeys? 11:36
Review & Credits 12:30

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Mark, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Reagan Revolution: Crash Course US History #43

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about what is often called the Reagan Era. Mainly, it covers the eight years during which a former actor who had also been governor of the state of California was president of the United States. John will teach you about Reagan's election victory over the hapless Jimmy Carter, tax cuts, Reagan's Economic Bill of Rights, union-busting, and the Iran-Contra among other things. Learn about Reagan's domestic and foreign policy initiatives, and even a little about Bonzo the Chimp.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Ronald Reagan signaled a shift to conservative values on the role of government, discussed in his "Time for Choosing" Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/from-a-time-for-choosing-speech
America turned to President Reagan for comfort in times of tragedy, including following the Challenger Disaster: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/ronald-reagan-on-the-challenger-disaster

Chapters
Introduction: The Reagan Era 00:00
Reagan's Election in 1980 1:00
Reagan's Supporter Base 1:41
Reagan's Vision of "Freedom" 2:21
Lowered Tax Rates 4:00
Mystery Document 4:20
Supply-Side/Trickle-Down Economics 5:31
Government Spending in the Reagan Era 6:36
1980s Wall Street 7:20
Growing Economic Inequality 8:17
Reagan's Moderate Policies 8:59
Reagan & the End of the Cold War 9:49
The Iran Contra Affair 12:22
Credits 13:47

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Future of Botany: Crash Course Botany #15

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

We’ve learned a lot about plants throughout this series, but there’s much more to discover. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll peek into the future of botany. We’ll consider current plant mysteries, bridges between Western science and traditional knowledge, and what it might take to garden on the moon.

Chapters:
Our Plant Elders 00:00
Plant Sensory Perception 1:35
Plant Communication 3:24
Plants in Space 5:06
Ethnobotany 7:11
Solving Global Problems with Plants 9:03
Review & Credits 11:15

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

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Polymers: Crash Course Chemistry #45

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Did you know that Polymers save the lives of Elephants? Well, now you do! The world of Polymers is so amazingly integrated into our daily lives that we sometimes forget how amazing they are. Here, Hank talks about how they were developed, and the different types of Polymers that are common in the world today, including some that may surprise you.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Commercial Polymers & Saved Elephants 0:00
Ethene AKA Ethylene 2:29
Addition Reactions 3:08
Ethene Based Polymers 4:44
Addition Polymerization & Condensation Reactions 6:32
Proteins & Other Natural Polymers 8:33
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Microevolution: What's An Allele Got to Do With It?: Crash Course Biology #12

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Whether we’re talking about tigers, trees, or tarantulas, evolution happens at the level of the population. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll find out how natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and other processes drive changes in populations. We’ll learn about the Hardy-Weinberg equation, how your alleles make you uniquely you, and how some tigers changed their stripes.

Chapters:
When Black Bears Are White 00:00
Genes & Alleles 1:37
Natural Selection 3:33
Genetic Drift 4:26
Gene Flow 8:22
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation 10:02
Review & Credits 11:14

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
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Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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Nomenclature: Crash Course Chemistry #44

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Ever feel like there's an international team of bad guys changing all of the easily remembered chemical names and turning them into test-failing, number-infused, pain-in-the-neck names? Well... you're not wrong. IUPAC exists, but try to keep in mind that they're doing it for the greater good. In this episode, Hank talks about IUPAC, prefixes, suffixes, ranking, numbers for carbon chains, and cis or trans double bonds.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Common Functional Groups: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group#Table_of_common_functional_groups
--
Table of Contents

IUPAC 0:00
Every Organic Compound Has Only One Name 1:02
Prefixes 2:16
Suffixes 2:47
Ranking Functional Groups 4:18
Lowest Possible Numbers for Carbon Chains 1:54
Cis or Trans for Double Bonds 6:35
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Natural Selection: Life's Way of Stayin' Alive: Crash Course Biology #13

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

There are lots of ways that evolution happens, and natural selection is just one of them. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll find out how this process works and shapes traits in all living things —from ginkgo trees to howler monkeys. We’ll also learn how extra-grippy toes help some lizards survive hurricanes.

Chapters:
How Spiders Stay Alive 00:00
What's Natural Selection? 1:50
Requirements for Natural Selection 3:41
Environmental Effects 5:40
Types of Natural Selection 7:39
Evolutionary Trade-Offs 9:23
Artificial Selection 10:34
Review & Credits 11:35

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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US History Outtakes #4

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green forgets his lines, is interrupted by airplanes, ad-libs some jokes, and Stan proves himself ignorant of pop culture.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Population Genetics: Why do we have different skin colors?: Crash Course Biology #14

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn about the ways population genetics reveals how groups of living things evolve—by comparing genetic similarities and differences. We’ll discover the most genetically diverse species of all (hint: it’s not us), find out why “race” isn’t the biologically valid category we’ve made it out to be, and learn there’s much more in our DNA that we share than that sets us apart.

Chapters:
Population Genetics 00:00
Genetic Diversity 2:34
Levels of Genetic Diversity 3:56
Melanin Variation 5:57
Clines & Ancestry 8:13
Race & Society 8:51
Review & Credits 11:32

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Crash Course Chemistry #43

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Functional groups? Functional groups within functional groups? Hank takes today's Crash Course video to discuss some confusing ideas about Hydrocarbon Derivatives but then makes it all make more sense.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Alcohols 1:53
Hydroxyl Groups 3:51
Aldehydes 2:47
Carboxylic Acid 4:06
Acetone is a Ketone 4:43
Ethers and Esters 5:49
Amines 6:39

--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Speciation: Where Do Species Come From?: Crash Course Biology #15

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

How can you tell two species apart? It’s not always simple. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn about speciation—a process that can happen over millions of years, or within a single generation. Along the way, we’ll discover how a single species can split into two and how a reptile from New Zealand continues to stump scientists.

Chapters:
A Living Fossil 00:00
Species & Evolution 2:16
Species Concepts 3:36
What Separates Species 5:40
Allopatric Speciation 6:52
Sympatric Speciation 8:38
Review & Credits 11:48

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks.
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Ford, Carter, and the Economic Malaise: Crash Course US History #42

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the economic malaise that beset the United States in the 1970s. A sort of perfect storm of events, it combined the continuing decline of America's manufacturing base with the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 and brought about a stagnant economy, paired with high inflation. Economists with a flair for neologisms and portmanteau words called this "stagflation," and it made people miserable. Two presidential administrations were scuttled at least in part by these economic woes; both Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter are considered failed presidents for many reasons, but largely because of an inability to improve the economy. (hint: In reality, no one person can materially change something as big as the world economy, even if they are president, but one person sure can make a handy scapegoat!) So, by and large, the 70s were a pretty terrible time in America economically, but at least the decade gave us Mr. Green.

Crash Course is no longer available on DVD, sorry to disappoint.

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1970s 00:00
Economics in the 1970s 1:02
The End of the Gold Standard 2:32
The Decline of American Manufacturing 2:54
Oil Shocks 4:12
Stagflation and the Misery Index 5:16
Gerald Ford's Presidency 5:49
Jimmy Carter's Presidency 6:52
Mystery Document 7:15
Nuclear Power 8:51
Carter's Foreign Policy 9:17
The Economic Crisis of the 1970s 11:18
Credits 12:44
--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Evolutionary History: The Timeline of Life: Crash Course Biology #16

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Humans may have been around for a long time, but life has existed for way longer. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll journey through deep time to uncover the history of life on Earth. We’ll explore the big, game-changing leaps where life diversified, changed, and just plain persisted.

Introduction: How Life Began 0:00
Macroevolution 1:15
RNA & DNA 2:43
The Timeline of Life 3:42
Stromatolites & Fossils 6:03
Dr. Meeman Chang 8:31
Drivers of Macroevolution 10:00
Review & Credits 11:56

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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Aromatics and Cyclic Compounds: Crash Course Chemistry #42

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

What's that smell? Smell's like Organic Chemistry! This week Hank talks about Aromatics and Cyclic Compounds, naming their substituents, resonance, and common reactions & uses.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Cyclic Organic Compounds & Naming Their Constituents 1:06
Aromatic Compounds 3:02
Resonance 3:18
Naming Aromatic Compounds 5:05
Common Reactions & Uses 7:24

--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Phylogeny: How We're All Related: Crash Course Biology #17

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Crocodiles, and birds, and dinosaurs—oh my! While classifying organisms is nothing new, phylogeny— or, grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships—is helping us see life in a whole new light. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn why this kingdom-phylum stuff is going out of style and why phylogenetic trees are in.

Chapters:
The Platypus & Phylogeny 0:00
Taxonomy 1:33
Systematics 2:44
Phylogeny & Genetics 4:32
Dr. Motoo Kimura 5:31
Phylogenetic Trees 6:56
The Complexities of Evolution 10:49
Review and Credits 12:43

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Rise of Conservatism: Crash Course US History #41

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the rise of the conservative movement in United States politics. So, the sixties are often remembered for the liberal changes that the decade brought to America, but lest you forget, Richard Nixon was elected to the presidency during the sixties. The conservative movement didn't start with Nixon though. Modern conservatism really entered mainstream consciousness during the 1964 presidential contest between the incumbent president and Kennedy torch-bearer Lyndon B Johnson, and Republican Senator Barry Goldwater. While Goldwater never had a shot in the election, he used the campaign to talk about all kinds of conservative ideas. At the same time, several varying groups, including libertarian conservatives and moral conservatives, began to work together. Goldwater's trailblazing and coalition-building would pay off in 1968 when Richard Nixon was elected to the White House, and politics changed forever when Nixon resigned over the Watergate scandal. You'll also learn about the ERA, EPA, OSHA, the NTSB, and several other acronyms and initialisms.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Richard Nixon ushered in an age of conservatism, first rising to the national stage with his Checkers speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/senator-nixon-s-checkers-speech
Nixon’s presidency ended in near impeachment however over the corruption of the Watergate scandal: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/watergate-undoing-a-president

Chapters:
Introduction: The Rise of Conservativism 00:00
Anti "Big Government" Beliefs 1:32
The Election of 1964 2:45
Why the South Abandoned the Democratic Party 4:19
The Election of 1968 4:42
Nixon and the "Silent Majority" 5:31
Nixon's Domestic Agenda 6:36
Warren Burger 7:19
Roe vs. Wade 8:07
The Decline of Traditional Family Values 8:26
Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment 9:10
Nixon and the Watergate Scandal 10:27
Mystery Document 12:09
Why Conservativism Gained Traction 13:04
Credits 14:09

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Biological Diversity, Butts, and the Tree of Life: Crash Course Biology #18

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Everywhere you look on Earth, you’ll find wonderful and diverse living things, from tiny tardigrades to soaring sequoias. And incredibly, everything alive today, and everything that’s ever lived, is related. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we reveal how the evolutionary relationships between living things define their place on a single, great Tree of Life, and we learn what that tree can tell us about our own place among the planet’s biodiversity.

Chapters:
Ravens & Rhinos 00:00
The Tree of Life 1:08
Prokaryotes 3:48
Eukaryotes 4:57
Plants 6:39
Fungi 7:43
Animals 8:59
Review & Credits 11:47

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

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Alkenes and Alkynes: Crash Course Chemistry #41

Sun, 19 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Today Hank talks about the deliciousness of alkenes & alkynes, their structures, and how to remember which is which by simply knowing the alphabet. Also, he breaks down hydrogenation, halogenation, polymerization, and triglycerides all while helping us figure out the meaning of different names for fats.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Alkenes & Alkynes 1:14
Naming Rules 1:39
Cis-Trans Isomerism 3:29
Hydrogenation, Halogenation, Polymerization, and Triglycerides 4:40
Meanings of Fat Names 5:50

--
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Human Evolution: We Didn't Evolve From Chimps: Crash Course Biology #19

Sun, 19 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What’s a human? And how did we become humans, anyway? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll meet some of our closest relatives and trace how we evolved into the brainy, inventive, complex species we are today.

Chapters:
The First Humans 00:00
What is a Human? 1:18
Hominins 2:31
Dr. Xinzhi Wu 4:09
Hominin Interbreeding 5:32
How Humans Evolved 7:02
Review & Credits 11:44

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The 1960s in America: Crash Course US History #40

Sun, 19 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about a time of relative tumult in the United States, the 1960s. America was changing rapidly in the 1960s, and rights movements were at the forefront of those changes. Civil Rights were dominant, but the 60s also saw growth in the Women's Movement, the LGBT Rights Movement, the Latino Rights Movement, and the American Indian Movement. Also, Americans began to pay a bit more attention to the environment. All this change happened against the backdrop of the Cold War and the Rise of Conservatism. It was just wild. John will teach you about sit-ins, Freedom Rides, The March on Washington, MLK, JFK, LBJ, and NOW. Man, that is a lot of initialisms. And one acronym.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Civil Rights stayed strong throughout the 1960s, beginning with the peaceful sit-in movement in 1960 in the South: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-sit-in-movement
The Civil Rights Movement reached a high point when Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his 1963 “I Have a Dream” Speech at the March on Washington: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/i-have-a-dream
After President Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson decided to promote Civil Rights as part of his Great Society program: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/lyndon-baines-johnson-and-the-great-society
After Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968, the growing black power movement gained even more popularity: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/empowering-the-black-power-movement

Learn more about the Civil Rights Movement in these episodes of Crash Course Black American History:
The Montgomery Bus Boycott (35): https://youtu.be/ylOpide9dus
Martin Luther King, Jr. (36): https://youtu.be/BmeUT7zH62E
Student Civil Rights Activism (37): https://youtu.be/F624q1jBd0Y
Malcolm X and the Rise of Black Power (38): https://youtu.be/8woU9Rq0cPI
The Black Panther Party (39): https://youtu.be/ao0Jozn_7HM

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The 1960s 00:00
The Civil Rights Movement 0:44
Martin Luther King, Jr. 2:07
JFK and the Civil Rights Movement 3:17
LBJ, the Civil Rights Act, and the Great Society 4:05
Inequality in Urban America 6:26
Malcolm X, Black Power, and the Black Panther Party 7:13
Student Activism and Other Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s 8:05
Mystery Document 8:59
The Environmental Movement 9:48
The American Feminist Movement 10:03
The Supreme Court During the Warren Era 11:11
1968 was kind of a big year 12:28
Credits 14:26
--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Carbon and Biological Molecules: What is Life Made Of?: Crash Course Biology #20

Sun, 19 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Despite the diverse appearance and characteristics of organisms on Earth, the chemicals that make up living things are remarkably similar, often identical. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll look at the building blocks of the four major classes of biomolecules, how those join up to form macromolecules, and how a team of six atoms forms the vast majority of living matter.

Chapters:
Introduction to Life’s Molecules 00:00
Chemical Bonds 2:38
The Major Biological Molecules 6:12
Polymerization 9:27
Hydrolysis 10:54
Review & Credits 12:32

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Chemistry: Outtakes #3

Sat, 18 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which Hank has trouble saying things and asks the real tough questions.
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The Unexpected Truth About Water: Crash Course Biology #21

Sat, 18 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

This is a love letter to water, life’s solvent, and one of the most wonderful molecules around. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn about how water’s polarity and hydrogen bonding help it sustain life on a larger scale. We’ll see how some water-based solutions can be acidic or basic, and examine how our bodies maintain the narrow pH range necessary for life.

Chapters:
Hydrogen and Oxygen 0:00
Solvents 2:39
Properties of Ice 5:10
Water’s Properties 6:12
The pH Scale 9:20
Review & Credits 10:51

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Hydrocarbon Power!: Crash Course Chemistry #40

Sat, 18 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which Hank introduces us to the world of Organic Chemistry and, more specifically, the power of hydrocarbon. He talks about the classifications of organic compounds, the structures & properties of alkanes, isomers, and naming an alkane all by observing its structure.

Can't get enough OChem? Check out our 50-episode series on Crash Course Organic Chemistry in this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSMx0NS0XfY&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtONguuhLdVmq0HTKS0jksS4

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Classifications of Organic Compounds 2:25
Structures & Properties of Alkanes 3:12
Isomers 3:49
Naming an Alkane Based on its Structure 5:03

--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Microscopes: How We See What We Can't See: Crash Course Biology #22

Sat, 18 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

There’s an immense world of tiny stuff within us and around us—but how do we know about it? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll discover how we see what we can’t see, thanks to the help of centuries-old tools and more recent technology. Along the way, we’ll learn about the major types of microscopes and how to use a typical light microscope.

Chapters:
Discovering Bacteria 0:00
Methods for Observing Molecules 1:36
Microscopy 2:25
Types of Microscopes 3:30
Cryo-Electron Microscopy 7:54
How Light Microscopes Work 8:38
Review & Credits 11:34

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the early days of the Civil Rights movement. By way of providing context for this, John also talks a bit about wider America in the 1950s. The 1950s are a deeply nostalgic period for many Americans, but there is more than a little idealizing going on here. The 1950s were a time of economic expansion, new technologies, and a growing middle class. America was becoming a suburban nation thanks to cookie-cutter housing developments like the Levittowns. While the white working-class saw their wages and status improve, the proverbial rising tide wasn't lifting all proverbial ships. A lot of people were excluded from the prosperity of the 1950s. Segregation in housing and education made for some serious inequality for African Americans. As a result, the Civil Rights movement was born. John will talk about the early careers of Martin Luther King, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and even Earl Warren. He'll teach you about Brown v Board of Education, the lesser-known Mendez vs Westminster, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and all kinds of other stuff.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Civil Rights Movement gained national attention with the murder of Emmett Till in 1955: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/emmett-till
That same year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/rosa-parks-and-the-montgomery-bus-boycott
A young preacher named Martin Luther King Jr. gained national fame rallying support for the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/martin-luther-king-jr
The end of segregation also began in the South with the Showdown in Little Rock in 1957: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/showdown-in-little-rock

Want to learn more about the Civil Rights movement? Check out these videos from Crash Course Black American History:
School Segregation and Brown v Board (#33): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBlqcAEv4nk
Emmett Till (#34): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HljsKwpv3g
The Montgomery Bus Boycott (#35): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylOpide9dus
Martin Luther King, Jr (#36): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmeUT7zH62E
---Crash Course Black American History will be uploading new videos through 2022!---

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1950s 00:00
The American Suburbs 2:01
The "Era of Consensus" 3:05
Segregation 4:10
Desegregating Schools 5:18
Mystery Document 6:50
The Aftermath of Brown vs. Board of Education 7:50
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycotts 8:29
Martin Luther King, Jr. 9:32
The Little Rock Nine 9:54
The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement 10:30
Credits 11:25

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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A Tour of the Cell: Crash Course Biology #23

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The cell is the basic unit of life, and our understanding of it has advanced as science, and the tools available to scientists, has advanced. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a look at the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, take a guided tour of the eukaryotic cell, and learn why most cells are small. We’ll explore the eukaryotic cell’s surprising beginnings through an endosymbiosis that occurred about 1.5 billion years ago.

Chapters:
Introduction to the Cell 00:00
Classical Cell Theory 2:12
Parts of a Cell 5:37
Endosymbiosis 9:11
Modern Cell Theory 10:41
Review & Credits 12:23

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Nuclear Chemistry Part 2 - Fusion and Fission: Crash Course Chemistry #39

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Continuing our look at Nuclear Chemistry, Hank takes this episode to talk about Fusion and Fission. What they mean, how they work, their positives, negatives, and dangers. Plus, E=mc2, Mass Defect, and Applications of Fission and Fusion in the real world!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

E=mc2
Mass Defect
Fission vs. Fusion
Applications in the Real World

--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Cell Membranes: How Does Stuff Get Into Your Cells?: Crash Course Biology #24

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

The cell membrane is a protein-studded phospholipid bilayer that not only protects our cells, but also regulates what goes in and out. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll look at the structure of the bilayer, learn about its discovery, and explore the many ways substances can be transported into and out of cells.

Chapters:
Introduction to the Cell Membrane 00:00
Membrane Structure 2:10
Membrane Proteins 4:53
Membrane Transport 7:07
Review & Credits 11:54

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War as it unfolded in Asia. As John pointed out last week, the Cold War was occasionally hot, and a lot of that heat was generated in Asia. This is starting to sound weird with the hot/cold thing, so let's just say that the United States' struggle against communist expansion escalated to a full-blown, boots-on-the-ground war in Korea and Vietnam. In both of these cases, the United States sent soldiers to intervene in civil wars that it looked like communists might win. That's a bit of a simplification, but John will explain it all to you.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. While The Vietnam War was happening very far away from home, it had a major impact on American soldiers and civilians: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/introduction-to-the-vietnam-war

Americans with televisions had the war broadcasted right into their living rooms, leading to an immense Vietnam War resistance effort: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/resistance-to-the-vietnam-war

Want to learn more about the Cold War? Check out these other videos from Crash Course:
USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War: Crash Course World History #39:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9HjvHZfCUI

The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0

George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War: Crash Course US History #44:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-K19rVDxoM

The Cold War and Consumerism: Crash Course Computer Science #24:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8i38Yq1wX4

Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rkIqtV07HE

Chapters:
Introduction: The Cold War in Asia 00:00
The Korean War 0:28
Eisenhower's Election 3:05
Cost of the Korean War 3:20
Mystery Document 4:18
Ho Chi Minh 5:19
American Involvement in Vietnam 5:55
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 7:02
Operation Rolling Thunder 8:13
Fighting in Vietnam 8:41
Public Opinion and the Vietnam War 9:38
Nixon's Plan to Leave Vietnam 10:34
Anti-War Sentiments 11:19
The End of the Vietnam War 11:52
Credits 13:09
--
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Why Do Cells Need to Communicate?: Crash Course Biology #25

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Even though it might seem like our bodies are on autopilot, there is a whole lot happening inside us to keep things moving. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn that our cells are in constant communication, reminding each other—and themselves—to perform important functions like breathing, walking, or even sleeping.

Chapters:
Behind the Scenes 00:00
Cell Communication 2:00
How Cells Respond to Signals 4:19
Platypus Reproduction 5:24
Types of Signaling 6:52
Review & Credits 9:40

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Nuclear Chemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #38

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Hank welcomes you to the new age, to the new age, welcome to the new age. Here he'll talk about transmutation among elements, isotopes, calculating half-life, radioactive decay, and spontaneous fission.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Radioactivity
Transmutation Among Elements and Isotopes
Calculating Half-Life
Radioactive Decay
Spontaneous Fission
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Chemical Reactions in Biology: Crash Course Biology #26

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Cells need energy to power the chemical reactions that keep their microscopic cities running, and most of that energy comes from a chemical called ATP. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn how our cells use energy, what an enzyme’s role is in chemical reactions, and what makes a reaction exergonic or endergonic.

Chapters:
Cellular Cities 00:00
What Is Energy? 1:18
The Laws of Thermodynamics 2:22
ATP 4:07
Chemical Reactions 6:42
Enzymes 9:13
Metabolic Pathways 11:04
Review & Credits 12:09

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War, the decades-long conflict between the USA and the USSR. The Cold War was called cold because of the lack of actual fighting, but this is inaccurate. There was plenty of fighting, from Korea to Viet Nam to Afghanistan, but we'll get into that stuff next week. This week we'll talk about how the Cold War started. In short, it grew out of World War II. Basically, the Soviets occupied Eastern Europe and the US-supported western Europe. This setup would spill across the world, with client states on both sides. It's all in the video. You should just watch it.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Cold War spanned over four decades of American history, beginning with the paranoia of McCarthyism, a political witch hunt for communists: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/mccarthyism
President Kennedy delivered an Inaugural Address during the height of the Cold War, initiating a space race: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-kennedy-s-inaugural-address
President Kennedy also oversaw Cuba's emergence as a Cold War rival of the United States:
https://www.commonlit.org/texts/cold-war-rivals-cuba-and-the-united-states

Want to learn more about the Cold War? Check out these other videos from Crash Course:
USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War: Crash Course World History #39:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9HjvHZfCUI

The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0

George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War: Crash Course US History #44:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-K19rVDxoM

The Cold War and Consumerism: Crash Course Computer Science #24:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8i38Yq1wX4

Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rkIqtV07HE

Chapters:
Introduction: The Cold War Era 00:00
The Aftermath of WWII 1:57
USSR Expansion & Containment 2:38
The Truman Doctrine 3:34
The Marshall Plan 5:01
The Berlin Crisis 6:18
Mystery Document 7:19
Consensus on Cold War Policies 8:28
Impact of the Cold War on Domestic Policy 10:03
Espionage, McCarthyism, and the Red Scare 10:53
Credits 12:49
-------
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Cellular Respiration: Do Cells Breathe?: Crash Course Biology #27

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You know ‘em, you love ‘em. They’re the powerhouse of the cell: mitochondria. They produce the ATP molecules that we use to do everything from talk to our friends to run a marathon. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’re taking a deep dive into cellular respiration, the process that produces the ATP inside of our mitochondria.

Chapters:
Getting Energy 00:00
Mitochondria & ATP 1:22
Cellular Respiration 2:29
Glycolysis 4:18
The Citric Acid Cycle 6:40
The Electron Transport Chain 8:17
Review & Credits 11:05

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The History of Atomic Chemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #37

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

How did we get here? Well, in terms of Atomic Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of the folks that were part of the long chain of other folks who helped us get to these deeper understandings of the world. From Leucippus to Heisenberg to you - yes, YOU - the story of Atomic Chemistry is all wibbly-wobbly... and amazing.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Leucippus, Democritus & Atomic Theory 0:09
Discharge Tubes 1:52
Ernest Rutherford & The Nucleus 4:22
Chemistry = Math 7:22
Niels Bohr Model 5:32
Heisenburg & Quantum Theory 6:35
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Photosynthesis: The Original Solar Power: Crash Course Biology #28

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Photosynthesis is a powerful process that is responsible for some of life’s most vital functions. In fact, consumers like us rely on photosynthetic producers to harness energy from the sun so that we can survive and thrive. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll explore photosynthesis in two acts, and learn how the process works inside and out.

Chapters:
How Can We Feed the World? 00:00
Producers & Photosynthesis 1:26
Chloroplasts 4:04
The Light-Dependent Reactions 5:01
The Calvin Cycle 7:30
Carbon Fixation 10:27
Review & Credits 11:33

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Adriana Toyber, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

World War II Part 2 - The Homefront: Crash Course US History #36

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about World War 2, as it was lived on the home front. You'll learn about how the war changed the country as a whole, and changed how Americans thought about their country. John talks about the government's control of war production, and how the war probably helped to end the Great Depression. Broader implementation of the income tax, the growth of large corporations, and the development of the West Coast as a manufacturing center were also results of the war. The war positively changed the roles of women and African Americans, but it was pretty terrible for the Japanese Americans who were interred in camps. In short, World War II changed America's role in the world, changed American life at home, and eventually spawned the History Channel.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. At home in America, everyone joined in the war effort, with everyone contributing to American industry: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/how-american-industry-won-world-war-ii
But America had its fair share of shame, such as when the country turned away Jewish refugees on the St. Louis who would die in the Holocaust: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/jewish-refugees-on-the-st-louis
During World War II, there was also a painful period of Japanese relocation and internment throughout the country: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/japanese-relocation-during-world-war-ii

---
Learn more about WWII in these other Crash Course videos:
Crash Course World History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE
World War II, A War for Resources (220): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-2q-QMUIgY

Crash Course European History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hs_JMydrxZM
World War II Civilians and Soldiers (39): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlx6ur_D51s
The Holocaust, Genocides, and Mass Murder of WWII (40): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQeDvnapdlg
Post-World War II Recovery (42): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlp068CmQaE

Crash Course Black American History:
World War II (31): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7wrwPnQVg4
---

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Changes in Government Function During WWII 0:34
WWII Economic Impact 1:56
Industrialization in WWII 3:06
Women at Work 3:51
Mystery Document 4:36
FDR's Four Freedoms 5:40
The GI Bill of Rights 6:36
Free Enterprise 6:58
American Attitudes About Race During WWII 7:37
Japanese-American Internment Camps 8:54
African-Americans in WWII 9:45
Post-WWII Developments 11:21
Credits 13:48

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Mitosis and the Cell Cycle: How Cells Clone Themselves: Crash Course Biology #29

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What’s the life of a cell like? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll follow a cell’s life cycle, from its beginning as a shiny new cell all the way to division via mitosis. We’ll learn how our cells control this process, and what happens when things go wrong.

Chapters:
Main Character Energy 00:00
Cellular Division 1:26
Interphase 2:36
Mitosis & Cytokinesis 5:06
The Cell Cycle Control System 8:24
Cancer 9:14
Review & Credits 9:53

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Electrochemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #36

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Chemistry raised to the power of AWESOME! That's what Hank is talking about today with Electrochemistry. Contained within, Hank discusses electrochemical reactions, half-reactions, how batteries work, galvanic cells, voltage, standard reduction potential, cell potential, electrolysis, electroplating, and the things that go into making it possible for you to watch this episode of Crash Course Chemistry!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Electro-Chemical Reactions 0:13
Half Reactions 1:42
How Batteries Work 1:47
Galvanic Cells 3:18
Calculating Voltage 4:12
Standard Reduction Potential 4:42
Standard Cell Potential 6:03
Electrolysis 7:24
Electroplating 7:02
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

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Meiosis: Why Are All Humans Unique?: Crash Course Biology #30

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Ever wonder why we aren’t exact clones of our parents, or why siblings aren’t exactly alike? The reason traces back to meiosis. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll discover how egg and sperm cells get made and learn why you’re a totally unique remix of your parents’ DNA.

Introduction: Why Are We All Unique? 0:00
Gametes 1:33
Meiosis 4:09
The Phases of Meiosis 4:44
Nondisjunction 7:14
Why We Aren't Clones 8:18
Meiosis & Genetic Diversity 9:49
Review & Credits 11:32

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, pinapples of solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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World War II Part 1: Crash Course US History #35

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about World War II, a subject so big, it takes up two episodes. This week, John will teach you how the United States got into the war, and just how involved America was before Congress actually declared war. John will actually talk a little about the military tactics involved, and he'll get into some of the weaponry involved, specifically the huge amount of aerial bombing that characterized the war, and the atomic bombs that ended the war in the Pacific.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Americans entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-attack-on-pearl-harbor
A call for soldiers led to an early civil rights victory, the Tuskegee Airmen: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/tuskegee-airmen
America led the invasion of Normandy that would end the war, and American troops helped to liberate surviving Jews from Nazi concentration camps throughout Europe: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/liberation-of-nazi-concentration-camps

---
Learn more about WWII in these other Crash Course videos:
Crash Course World History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE
World War II, A War for Resources (220): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-2q-QMUIgY

Crash Course European History:
World War II (38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hs_JMydrxZM
World War II Civilians and Soldiers (39): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlx6ur_D51s
The Holocaust, Genocides, and Mass Murder of WWII (40): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQeDvnapdlg
Post-World War II Recovery (42): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlp068CmQaE

Crash Course Black American History:
World War II (31): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7wrwPnQVg4
---

Chapters:
Introduction: WWII 00:00
American Isolationism Pre-WWII 1:07
American Support for Allies in WWII 3:38
Pearl Harbor 5:03
WWII Fighting in the Pacific 5:43
WWII Fighting in Europe 6:35
Mystery Document 7:30
The End of WWII 8:38
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, & the Atomic Bomb 9:25
Credits 12:54

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Black American History Arts and Culture | Compilation

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Crash Course Black American History explores arts and culture! Learn about the art, literature, and political thought innovations of the Harlem Renaissance, the literature of Toni Morrison and Zora Neale Hurston, the origins of rap and hip-hop, and the poetry of Phillis Wheatley.

Chapters:
Harlem Renaissance: Part 1 00:00
Harlem Renaissance: Part 2 12:16
Zora Neale Hurston 25:23
The Origins of Rap & Hip Hop 35:07
Toni Morrison 49:40
Phillis Wheatley 1:01:20

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin ,Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Silicon - The Internet's Favorite Element: Crash Course Chemistry #35

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode, we talk about Silicon Valley's namesake and how network solids are at the heart of it all. Hank also discusses Solid-State Semiconductors, N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors, Diodes, Transistors, Computer Chips, and Binary Code. All from the same thing that makes up sand!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
Table of Contents

Silicon Network Solids 1:25
Network Arrangements 1:52
Solid-State Semiconductors 5:08
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors 5:11
Diodes and Transistors 6:10
Computer Chips and Binary Code 7:43
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Intro to Genetics: Why Your Cat Looks Like That: Crash Course Biology #31

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

How do traits get passed down in our DNA? And what do genes have to do with cat fur? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll untangle the simplest patterns of inheritance, and reassure our redheaded friends—you’re not going anywhere.

Chapters:
Are Redheads Going Extinct? 00:00
Alleles & Traits 1:32
Patterns of Inheritance 4:50
Autosomal Dominance 5:56
Incomplete Dominance 7:51
Codominance 8:47
Review & Credits 10:20

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The New Deal: Crash Course US History #34

Sun, 12 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the New Deal, which was president Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to pull the United States out of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Did it work? Maybe. John will teach you about some of the most effective and some of the best-known programs of the New Deal. They weren't always the same thing. John will tell you who supported the New Deal, and who opposed it. He'll also get into how the New Deal changed the relationship between the government and citizens, and will even reveal just how the Depression ended. (hint: it was war spending)

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. President Roosevelt developed his New Deal policies to ease the economic burdens of the Great Depression, a grim reality he began to tackle with his first fireside chat: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/president-roosevelt-s-first-fireside-chat
In his Economic Bill of Rights, FDR tried to get the country to trust its banks again: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-economic-bill-of-rights

Chapters:
Introduction: The New Deal 00:00
The New Deal 0:53
FDR's Election 1:20
The 3 R's of the New Deal 2:24
The First New Deal 3:30
The National Industrial Recovery Act 4:20
The Tennessee Valley Authority 5:15
The Agricultural Adjustment Act 5:42
Supreme Court Interventions 6:17
FDR's Court Packing Controversy 6:48
The Second New Deal 7:43
The Wagner Act & the National Labor Relations Board 7:56
Mystery Document 8:11
CIO Unions 8:49
The Social Security Act 9:49
The Works Progress Administration 10:33
Political Party Alignments in the New Deal Era 11:18
Did the New Deal end the Great Depression? 12:27
Legacy of the New Deal 13:05
Credits 14:24

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Genetic Traits: Nature? Nurture? Not That Simple: Crash Course Biology #32

Sun, 12 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

It’s not nature versus nurture—it’s both! In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll explore how complex interactions between genes and the environment shape all sorts of traits, from human skin color to honeybees’ “royal jelly.”

Chapters:
Nature vs. Nurture 00:00
Polygenic Traits 1:24
Complex Traits 3:31
Epigenetics & Dr. Folami Ideraabdullah 7:11
Heritability 9:14
Phenotypic Plasticity 10:10
Review & Credits 11:22

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Network Solids and Carbon: Crash Course Chemistry #34

Sun, 12 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Hank talks about Network solids and Carbon and how you can actually create a Diamond from plain old Carbon... well, YOU probably can't unless you own a bunch of elephants. It's a long story. BUT, within you will learn about Solid Networks, Diamond and Graphite Network Structures, as well as Sheet and 3D Networks. It's not making diamonds from scratch, but it's still pretty cool!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Solid Networks 1:54
Diamond and Graphite Network Structures 3:03
Sheet and 3D Networks 0:48

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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DNA Structure and Replication: Our Instruction Manual for Existing: Crash Course Biology #33

Sun, 12 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Your DNA contains all the instructions your body needs to function. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll figure out what this giant instruction manual looks like and how this three-billion-letter code gets copied into your trillions of cells through DNA replication.

Introduction: DNA & The Human Genome 00:00
The Structure of DNA 1:36
Chromosomes 3:51
DNA Replication 4:16
How DNA Replication Works 6:06
Mutations 7:51
The Okazakis 10:04
Review & Credits 11:23

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Great Depression: Crash Course US History #33

Sat, 11 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Great Depression. So, everybody knows that the Great Depression started with the stock market crash in 1929, right? Not exactly. The Depression happened after the stock market crash, but wasn't caused by the crash. John will teach you about how the depression started, what Herbert Hoover tried to do to fix it, and why those efforts failed.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Roaring Twenties ended with The Great Depression, a period of soul-searching for the United States dealing with a failing middle class: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-great-depression
The issues of the Great Depression were made more difficult by the agricultural crisis known as the Dust Bowl: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-on-drought-conditions

Learn more about the Great Depression in episode #28 of Crash Course Black American History here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f14kiGoexVg

Chapters:
Introduction: The Great Depression 00:00
Causes of the Great Depression 0:48
The Stock Market Crash 2:31
The Failures of America's Banking System 3:35
The Hoover Administration's Responses to the Great Depression 5:10
WWI's Global Economic Impact 5:40
Hoover and The Gold Standard 6:57
What Hoover did (and didn't) do about the Great Depression 8:13
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 10:04
Impact of the Great Depression 10:30
Mystery Document 11:27
Accounts of the Great Depression 12:35
Credits 13:55

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Transcription: How mRNA Helped Save Lives: Crash Course Biology #34

Sat, 11 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

You’ve probably heard of mRNA, thanks to the COVID-19 vaccine. But what is mRNA exactly? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we learn about the role of messenger RNA in living things and how it decodes our DNA instruction manual through transcription.

Introduction: mRNA Vaccines 00:00
Messenger RNA 1:21
Transcription 3:48
Processing & Splicing 5:05
The Central Dogma 7:00
Alternative Splicing 8:39
Review & Credits 10:46

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Doing Solids: Crash Course Chemistry #33

Sat, 11 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which Hank blows our minds with the different kinds of solids out there and talks about why they're all different and have different properties. Today, you'll learn about amorphous and crystalline solids, types of crystalline solids, types of crystalline atomic solids, properties of each type of solid, and that the properties depend on the bond types.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 1:27
Types of Crystalline Solids 4:07
Types of Crystalline Atomic Solids 5:17
Properties of Each Type of Solid 4:16
Properties Depend on Bond Types 6:17
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Translation: How RNA Gets Translated into Protein Power: Crash Course Biology #35

Sat, 11 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

How does the information from mRNA turn into a protein? It all comes down to translation, where nucleotides are translated into a chain of amino acids. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll cover codon-reading ribosomes, tRNA delivery trucks, and scientists who are using what they know about translation to save lives.

Introduction: Making Proteins 00:00
DNA & mRNA 1:13
How Translation Works 2:16
Peptides & Polypeptides 6:43
Why Proteins Matter 7:07
Dr. Katalin Karikó 9:26
Review & Credits 11:37

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Roaring 20's: Crash Course US History #32

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the United States in the 1920s. They were known as the roaring 20s, but not because there were lions running around everywhere. In the 1920s, America's economy was booming, and all kinds of social changes were in progress. Hollywood, flappers, jazz, there was all kinds of stuff going on in the 20s. But as usual with Crash Course, things were about to take a turn for the worse. John will teach you about the Charleston, the many Republican presidents of the 1920s, laissez-faire capitalism, jazz, consumer credit, the resurgent Klan, and all kinds of other stuff.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Roaring Twenties was characterized by great highs: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-roaring-twenties
However, the Roaring Twenties ended with the country's most tragic low, the Great Depression: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-great-depression

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1920s 00:00
The Roaring 20's 0:46
Laissez-Faire Capitalism 1:14
Warren G. Harding's Corrupt Administration 1:55
Automobiles & Manufacturing 2:24
Leisure & Pop Culture 3:29
The Birth of the American Film Industry 3:57
Consumer Debt and the "American Standard of Living" 4:23
Contemporary Celebrity Culture 4:44
Mystery Document 5:33
Flappers & Women's Liberation 6:24
Wealth Disparities in the 1920s 7:12
The Supreme Court's Juris Prudence of Civil Liberties 8:50
Hyper-Patriotism and White Supremacy 9:38
Immigration Restriction Laws 10:15
The Scopes Trial & Teaching Evolution 11:13
The Legacy of the 1920s 12:04
Credits 12:36

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The Deadliest Infectious Disease of All Time | Crash Course Lecture

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Tuberculosis is often thought of as an old-timey disease, but in reality, it continues to kill over a million and a half people per year, despite its known cure. How did we get here, to a world where decades of work toward a cure stalled in its dissemination around the globe? And how can understanding the history of TB point us toward a different future? If you’ve been following author and TB-hater John Green in any way for the last year or so, this video is the deep dive you’ve been waiting for…

TB Fighters: You can learn more about the TB Fighters Community at https://tbfighters.org

This lecture was produced thanks to the generosity of the Crash Course audience, including those who fund us on Patreon, who’ve purchased Crash Course coins, and who share Crash Course with others. Your support lets us experiment with new formats, cover lesser-known topics, and go deeper than we ever have before. Thank you!

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1C8jRj6cE50pnoDyLQVGYhCWyazHz4vC-TC_KXC6tnak/edit#heading=h.4kgrhaj5zoui

Chapters:
The Deadliest Infectious Disease of All Time 00:00
Tuberculosis is Weird 3:36
"Man Got to Tell Himself He Understand" 7:05
The Allure of Consumption 14:46
The White Man's Plague 21:07
Treatments and the Cure 27:29
Where the Drugs Are Not 34:06
A Fundamental Mistrust 36:48
The World We Choose 45:34

The surprising history - and current dilemma - of TB

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Chemistry: Outtakes #2

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which Hank has trouble doing and saying things.

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How Genes Express Themselves: Crash Course Biology #36

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

If nearly all your cells have the same DNA, why are muscle cells so different from skin cells? In this episode, we’ll learn how gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes, and how methylating DNA, modifying histones, and messing with translation not only leads to different types of cells, but allows cells to adapt to the world around them.

Introduction: A Cellular Cookbook 00:00
Gene Regulation 1:18
Differential Gene Expression 2:36
Gene Regulation Strategies 3:58
Epigenetic Mechanisms 6:13
Review & Credits 9:22

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

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Women's Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about American women in the Progressive Era and, well, the progress they made. So the big deal is, of course, the right to vote women gained when the 19th amendment was passed and ratified. But women made a lot of other gains in the 30 years between 1890 and 1920. More women joined the workforce, they acquired lots of other legal rights related to property, and they also became key consumers in the industrial economy. Women also continued to play a vital role in reform movements. Sadly, they got Prohibition enacted in the US, but they did a lot of good stuff, too. The field of social work emerged as women like Jane Addams created settlement houses to assist immigrants in their integration into the United States. Women also began to work to make birth control widely available. You'll learn about famous reformers and activists like Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, among others.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Suffragists faced a decades-long debate on women’s right to vote: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/address-to-congress-on-women-s-suffrage
While it was a hard fight to get the vote, women eventually received suffrage in 1920: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/was-hard-fight-to-get-vote

Chapters:
Introduction: Women in the Progressive Era 00:00
The Women's Era 1:01
The Women's Christian Temperance Union 1:54
The Role of Women in Politics During the Progressive Era 2:52
National Consumers League 3:15
Women Working Outside the Home 4:08
Mystery Document 4:58
Birth Control 5:57
Why Access to Birth Control Matters 7:07
Jane Addams & The Settlement House Movement 7:47
Women and Electoral Politics 8:13
The 19th Amendment 8:42
The Suffrage Movement 9:03
The National Women's Party 9:44
The Equal Rights Amendment 11:03
The Legacy of the Suffragettes 12:13
Credits 13:00

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Genetic Mutations: Is Drinking Milk a Super Power?: Crash Course Biology #37

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Science fiction is full of superpowered mutants, but in reality, mutations are much more diverse and complex. Sometimes, they can change someone’s entire body, and other times, we don’t notice them at all! In this episode, we’ll unpack what mutations are, how they work (including substitutions and frameshift mutations), and how scientists are learning to control mutations using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and gene therapy.

Introduction: Mutations Outside the Movies 00:00
What Are Mutations? 1:20
What Determines Mutations' Effects? 3:10
Types of Mutations 4:16
Positive, Negative, or Neutral? 7:43
Gene Therapy & CRISPR 8:23
Pharmacogenomics 10:59
Review & Credits 11:58

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Kinetics: Chemistry's Demolition Derby - Crash Course Chemistry #32

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Have you ever been to a Demolition Derby? Then you have an idea of how molecular collisions happen. In this episode, Hank talks about collisions between molecules and atoms, activation energy, writing rate laws, equilibrium expressions, reactions mechanics, and rate-determining steps. And funnel cakes are AWESOME!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Collisions Between Molecules and Atoms 0:00
Activation Energy 1:32
Writing Rate Laws 3:28
Rate Laws and Equilibrium Expressions 5:30
Reaction Mechanisms 8:06
Rate-Determining Steps 7:04

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Crash Course Art History Preview

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Art History! Over the next 22 episodes, Sarah Urist Green will explore the hidden stories behind artworks. We’ll make connections across time and space, unlock the secrets of the past, and look ahead to the art of the future. Episode 1 premieres on April 11.

Key texts cited include: Art History Volume 1, 6th edition by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren (2018), Art History Volume 2, 6th edition by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren (2018), Smarthistory: Reframing Art History, edited by Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about American involvement in World War I, which at the time was called the Great War. They didn't know there was going to be a second one, though they probably should have guessed, 'cause this one didn't wrap up very neatly. So, the United States stayed out of World War I at first, because Americans were in an isolationist mood in the early 20th century. That didn't last though, as the affronts piled up and drew the US into the war. Spoiler alert: the Lusitania was sunk two years before we joined the war, so that wasn't the sole cause for our jumping in. It was part of it though, as was the Zimmerman telegram, unrestricted submarine warfare, and our affinity for the Brits. You'll learn the war's effects on the home front, some of Woodrow Wilson's XIV Points, and just how the war ended up expanding the power of the government in Americans' lives.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The complex secret alliances of Europe led to World War I: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/a-mad-dash-to-disaster-the-first-world-war
It took several years before Americans joined the war: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/to-the-front-lines-america-in-world-war-i
After the war, President Woodrow Wilson wanted to prevent a future World War, and promoted creating a League of Nations, established following the Treaty of Versailles: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-treaty-of-versailles-and-the-league-of-nations

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
American Involvement in WWI 0:41
The Sinking of the Lusitania 1:53
Why did the U.S. join WWI? 2:42
Mystery Document 3:22
America's Contributions to WWI 5:06
Pro-War Progressives 5:48
How WWI Expanded the U.S. Government's Power 6:08
Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the CPI 7:10
The Espionage Act of 1917 7:57
The Sedition Act 8:34
"Americanization" 9:55
Suppression of Free Speech 10:40
Positive Outcomes of WWI 11:18
The End of WWI 12:17
Credits 13:06

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Bacterial DNA and Genetics: Crash Course Biology #38

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Bacteria often get a bad rap, but they’re some of our best partners in science and medicine! In this episode, we’ll explore what bacteria are doing with their DNA — including how they can trade it around. We’ll learn about chromosomes and plasmids, gene expression and recombinant DNA, and how E. coli are used to make insulin.

Introduction: The Microbiome 00:00
Prokaryotes & DNA 1:33
Plasmids & Horizontal Gene Transfer 2:44
Insulin 4:49
Gene Expression 6:30
Dr. Rebecca Lancefield 7:54
Review & Credits 9:05

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Buffers, the Acid Rain Slayer: Crash Course Chemistry #31

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Hank talks about how nutty our world is via Buffers! He defines buffers and their compositions and talks about carbonate buffering systems in nature, acid rain, pH of buffers, and titration. Plus, a really cool experiment using indicators to showcase just how awesome buffers are.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Nature is Nutty 0:00
Carbonate Buffering and Acid Rain 0:35
Definition of Buffers 1:47
Composition of Buffers 2:26
pH of Buffers 3:33
Titration 7:43
Carbonate Buffering in Nature 7:12

-
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Why We Study Art: Crash Course Art History #1

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Art history is much more than names, dates, and creepy babies. It helps us understand how history itself gets constructed and told. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn how interpreting artwork reveals connections among all of us, across cultures and across time.

Introduction: The Stories Art Tells 00:00
What Is Art History? 01:33
The Medicis & Giorgio Vasari 03:17
How Art History Developed 04:43
How History Is Shaped by What Survives 08:10
Review & Credits 11:06

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Progressive Presidents: Crash Course US History #29

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Presidents, who are not a super-group of former presidents who create complicated, symphonic, rock soundscapes that transport you into a fantasy fugue state. Although that would be awesome. The presidents most associated with the Progressive Era are Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. During the times these guys held office, trusts were busted, national parks were founded, social programs were enacted, and tariffs were lowered. It wasn't all positive though, as their collective tenure also saw Latin America invaded A LOT, a split in the Republican party that resulted in a Bull Moose, all kinds of other international intervention, and the end of the Progressive Era saw the United States involved in World War. If all this isn't enough to entice, I will point out that two people get shot in this video. Violence sells, they say.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The era of progressive presidents began with Teddy Roosevelt, who felt that conservation was a national duty: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/conservation-as-a-national-duty
Teddy Roosevelt is remembered for fighting hard for his causes, as exemplified in his famous “Man in the Arena” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-man-in-the-arena

Chapters:
Introduction: Progressive Presidents 00:00
Nationalization 0:47
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt 1:42
Square Deal 2:16
National Parks 3:12
William Howard Taft 3:33
The 16th and 18th Amendments 4:00
The Election of 1912 4:31
New Freedom vs New Nationalism 5:26
The Bull Moose Party 5:56
Woodrow Wilson's Election 6:40
Mystery Document 6:52
Woodrow Wilson's Policies 8:06
Progressivism & International Affairs 9:14
The Panama Canal 10:21
The Roosevelt Corollary 10:53
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy 11:38
Wilson's Foreign Policy 12:03
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's Legacies 13:37
Credits 14:34

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Viruses and Vaccines: How Do Vaccines Work?: Crash Course Biology 39

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

From the flu to COVID-19, viruses are a major threat in our everyday lives. In today’s episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn why viruses are like genes in a box, and how they invade and spread between cells. We’ll also discover how vaccines and medicines help our bodies fight back.

Introduction: Discovering Viruses 00:00
What We Have in Common With Viruses 1:24
Evolutionary Theories of Viruses 2:49
Hosts & Infection 3:55
Retroviruses 6:49
Vaccines 8:11
Dr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim & Antivirals 9:41
Review & Credits 11:39

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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pH and pOH: Crash Course Chemistry #30

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Hank goes over Reversible Reactions, the water dissociation constant, what pH and pOH actually mean, Acids, Bases, and Neutral Substances as well as the not-so-terrifying Logarithms, strong acids, weak acids, and how to calculate pH and pOH. Oh, and litmus paper!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Reversible Reactions 3:40
Water Dissociation Constant 5:00
Acids, Bases, & Neutral Substances 6:38
Strong and Weak Acids 7:43
Logarithms 1:46
Calculating pH and pOH 8:45
Cool Mathematical Connections 9:54

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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A Podcast About The Entire History Of The Universe

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Introducing the very first Crash Course Podcast! Over the next 11 episodes, John Green and Katie Mack will walk through the entire history of the universe… even the parts that aren’t written yet.

Episode 1 premieres April 24th and can be streamed here on the Crash Course channel and wherever else you get your podcasts. Subscribe at https://complexly.io/theuniverse

Thank you to the Perimeter institute for letting us use some of their footage here. You can find those videos featured here:
Introducing: Quantum 101 with Katie Mack https://youtu.be/Xt1hO7YvNx0?si=PPxFf0sfndSRynkt
Katie Mack is coming to Perimeter Institute https://youtu.be/fa4cLiAwgVA?si=3dzM_79AU42wUy1L

Additional footage provided by NASA.

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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American Imperialism: Crash Course US History #28

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Imperialism. In the late 19th century, the great powers of Europe were running around the world obtaining colonial possessions, especially in Africa and Asia. The United States, which as a young country was especially susceptible to peer pressure, followed along and snapped up some colonies of its own. The US saw that Spain's hold on its empire was weak, and like some kind of expansionist predator, it jumped into the Cuban War for Independence and turned it into the Spanish-Cuban-Phillipino-American War, which usually just gets called the Spanish-American War. John will tell you how America turned this war into colonial possessions like Puerto Rico, The Philippines, and almost even got to keep Cuba. The US was busy in the Pacific as well, wresting control of Hawaii from the Hawaiians. All this and more in a globe-trotting, oppressing episode of Crash Course US History.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. As America transitioned from the 19th to the 20th century, it experimented with imperialism through war and annexation; one of the most lasting effects of this time was the annexation of Hawaii, America's 50th state: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-1897-petition-against-the-annexation-of-hawaii
America’s imperial aims continued for decades, particularly with the Monroe Doctrine: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-monroe-doctrine-and-american-imperialism

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
New Imperialism 0:39
Economic Motivations for American Imperialism 1:52
The Panama Canal 3:00
Rising Nationalism: The Pledge of Allegiance & Flag Day 3:46
American Territorial Expansion 4:04
Imperialism in the Pacific 4:59
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War 5:47
Mystery Document 6:29
America Declares War 7:33
The Events of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War 8:23
American Territories Gained in the War 9:25
American Troops in China & The Philippines 10:03
The Philippine War 10:28
Puerto Rico, The Philippines, & The Foraker Act 11:05
Hawaiian Statehood 11:45
Anti-Imperialism 11:56
Supporters of Imperialism 12:24
Credits 13:30
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How to Look at Art: Crash Course Art History #2

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

How long do you typically look at an artwork, and what can you learn in that time? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll acquire a toolbox of terms to help us discover how all art is influenced by the time and place it was made in.

Introduction: Art in Context 00:00
Art Historians' Tools & Spring Way 00:53
Art's Function & an Elephant Mask 03:56
Using Context to Compare & Contrast 06:23
Review & Credits 10:19

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Equilibrium Equations: Crash Course Chemistry #29

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which Hank shows you that, while it may seem like the Universe is messing with us, equilibrium isn't a cosmic trick. Here, he shows you how to calculate equilibrium constant & conditions of reactions and use RICE tables all with some very easy, not-so-scary math.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Calculating an Equilibrium Constant 1:21
Calculating Conditions of Reactions 3:00
RICE Tables 4:26
Quadratic Equations 6:43

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Bioinformatics: How Data Saves Lives: Crash Course Biology #40

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

On its own, a huge DNA sequence is a meaningless pile of data — so, how do biologists figure out what it means? They turn to the power of bioinformatics! In this episode, we’ll learn what bioinformatics is, how it works, and how scientists have used it to better understand everything from evolution to a viral epidemic.

Introduction: Pizza Data 00:00
Bioinformatics 1:20
Algorithms 2:33
The Human Genetic Code 3:28
The BRCA1 Gene 5:07
Transcriptomes 6:14
The Zika Virus 7:22
Bioinformatics & Programming 8:57
Review & Credits 10:07

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27

Sun, 05 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Era in the United States. In the late 19th and early 20th century in America, there was a sense that things could be improved upon. A sense that reforms should be enacted. A sense that progress should be made. As a result, we got the Progressive Era, which has very little to do with automobile insurance, but a little to do with automobiles. All this overlapped with the Gilded Age and is a little confusing, but here we have it. Basically, people were trying to solve some of the social problems that came with the benefits of industrial capitalism. To oversimplify, there was a competition between the corporations' desire to keep wages low and workers' desire to have a decent life. Improving food safety, reducing child labor, and unions were all on the agenda in the Progressive Era. While progress was being made, and people were becoming freer, these gains were not equally distributed. Jim Crow laws were put in place in the south, and immigrant rights were restricted as well. So once again on Crash Course, things aren't so simple.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Progressive Era was marked by rapid reactions to the Gilded Age: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-progressive-era
Literature such as The Jungle revealed the horrifying conditions of factory industries, one of several which were overhauled with new progressive regulations: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-the-jungle

Chapters:
Introduction: The Progressive Era 00:00
The Progressive Era 1:06
Social Concerns of the Progressive Era 1:53
Mystery Document 2:48
The Jungle 4:04
Muckracking, Journalism, and Photography 4:22
Union Organizing 4:55
The Industrial Workers of the World 5:46
Mass Consumption Culture 6:29
The Labor Problem 7:39
Government Solutions to Social Problems 8:46
The Socialist Party 9:30
The 17th Amendment 10:17
Initiatives & Referendums 10:36
Voter Suppression & Jim Crow Laws 11:14
Plessy v. Ferguson 12:12
Booker T. Washington 12:46
W.E.B. DuBois 13:28
Credits 14:30

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The First Fraction of a Second | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #1

Sun, 05 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

Dr. Katie Mack teaches John Green about the beginning of the Universe - including that we are not just made of stardust; we are also made of Big Bang stuff, with pieces of us directly born in the vast, first cacophony.

Chapters
00:00 - Introduction
4:00 - There Shouldn’t Be Stuff
8:53 - The Big Bang Theory
21:28 - We’re Not Sure About The Singularity
32:00 - Cosmic Inflation
36:26 - The First Second
38:43 - The First Two Minutes
46:48 - Outro

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Equilibrium: Crash Course Chemistry #28

Sun, 05 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank goes over the ideas of keeping your life balance... well, your chemical life. Equilibrium is all about balance and today Hank discusses Chemical Equilibrium, Concentration, Temperature, and Pressure. Also, he'll chat about Le Chatalier's Principle and Fritz Haber.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Equilibrium = Balance: 0:19
Chemical Equilibrium: 1:25
Le Chatalier's Principle 4:37
Fritz Haber 5:31
--

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Multicellular Function: Why We Aren’t Just One Big Cell: Crash Course Biology #41

Sun, 05 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

There are countless types of plants and animals on Earth, but how do they work? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a bird’s eye view of how multicellular life functions, including how it’s organized, how it regulates itself to maintain homeostasis, and the big question: Why are these living things so wildly complex?

Introduction: Bizarre Beasts 00:00
Multicellular Organization 1:16
Cell Specialization 3:34
Why We Aren't Unicellular 4:37
Cons of Multicellularity 5:53
Dr. Rebeca Gerschman 6:44
Homeostasis 8:24
Review & Credits 11:09

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Gilded Age Politics: Crash Course US History #26

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Gilded Age and its politics. What, you may ask, is the Gilded Age? The term comes from a book by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner titled, "The Gilded Age." You may see a pattern emerging here. It started in the 1870s and continued on until the turn of the 20th century. The era is called Gilded because of the massive inequality that existed in the United States. Gilded Age politics were marked by a number of phenomena, most of them having to do with corruption. On the local and state level, political machines wielded enormous power. John gets into details about the most famous political machine, Tammany Hall. Tammany Hall ran New York City for a long, long time, notably under Boss Tweed. Graft, kickbacks, and voter fraud were rampant, but not just at the local level. Ulysses S. Grant ran one of the most scandalous presidential administrations in U.S. history, and John will tell you about two of the best-known scandals, the Credit Mobilier scandal, and the Whiskey Ring. There were a few attempts at reform during this time, notably the Civil Service Act of 1883 and the Sherman Anti-trust act of 1890. John will also get into the Grange Movement of the western farmers, and the Populist Party that arose from that movement. The Populists, who threw in their lot with William Jennings Bryan, never managed to get it together and win a presidency, and they faded after 1896. This brings us to the Progressive Era, which we'll get into in the next episode!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Gilded Age was marked by the success of the richest coupled with inequality and corruption. Repeated factory disasters, such as the triangle shirtwaist factory fire revealed the unsafe working conditions of the urban poor: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire
Meanwhile, workers began to join unions and strike for better working conditions: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-coeur-d-alene-miners-uprising

Chapters:
Introduction: The Gilded Age 00:00
The Political Machine 1:23
Mystery Document 1:56
"Boss" Tweed & the County Courthouse 3:07
Tammany Politicians 4:11
Credit Mobilier & Bribing Congress 5:18
The Whiskey Ring 6:08
Gilded Age Republicans 6:46
The Civil Service Act & the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 7:27
Local Government Reforms 8:07
The Farmers' Alliance 8:46
The People's (Populist) Party 9:36
Populist Leaders 11:15
William Jennings Bryan's Presidential Campaign 11:42
Credits 13:19

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The History of Museums: Crash Course Art History #3

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn why museums are so much more than just collections of interesting and pretty objects. Their legacy includes everything from violence to theft, to, oddly enough, mermaid hands.

Introduction: What Counts as a Museum? 00:00
Ancient Versions of Museums 0:59
Cabinets of Curiosities 3:48
Colonialism & Museums 5:10
Critiques of Museums 8:06
The Future of Museums 10:16
Review & Credits 10:58

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Solutions: Crash Course Chemistry #27

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

This week, Hank elaborates on why Fugu can kill you by illustrating the ideas of solutions and discussing molarity, molality, and mass percent. Also, why polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. All that plus Henry's Law and why Coke = Burps.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Molarity, Molality, and Mass Percent 1:34
Polar Solvents Dissolve Polar Solutes 2:21
Nonpolar Solvents Dissolve Nonpolar Solutes 2:21
Henry's Law 5:15
Coke=Burps 4:00
--
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology: Plants Are Hardcore: Crash Course Biology #42

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Plants may not seem like they’re doing much, but if you look closer, you’ll find a whole world just lurking beyond the surface. We’re talking chemical defenses, highways, and even ways to change the weather. In this episode, we’ll learn how plants get resources, get rid of waste, stay defended, govern themselves, and much more.

Introduction: How Plants Work 00:00
Meet the angiosperms 00:58
How plants transport nutrients 02:04
How plants eliminate waste 05:28
Plant defenses 08:05
Plant Communication and Reproduction 09:55
Review & Credits 11:47

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Growth, Cities, and Immigration: Crash Course US History #25

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the massive immigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Immigrants flocked to the US from all over the world in this time period. Millions of Europeans moved to the US where they drove the growth of cities and manned the rapid industrialization that was taking place. In the western US many, many Chinese immigrants arrived to work on the railroad and in mines. As is often the case in the United States, the people who already lived in the US reacted kind of badly to this flood of immigrants. Some legislators tried to stem the flow of new arrivals, with mixed success. Grover Cleveland vetoed a general ban on immigration, but the leadership at the time did manage to get together to pass an anti-Chinese immigration law. Immigrants did win some important Supreme Court decisions upholding their rights, but in many ways, immigrants were treated as second-class citizens. At the same time, the country was rapidly urbanizing. Cities were growing rapidly and industrial technology was developing new wonders all the time. John will cover all this upheaval and change, and hearken back to a time when racial profiling did in fact boil down to analyzing the side of someone's face.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. As America industrialized further and manufacturing grew, a rush of new immigrants came to America seeking job opportunities: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-rush-of-immigrants
Immigrants often entered through New York's Ellis Island where the Statue of Liberty bore the iconic phrase "Give me your tired, your poor,": https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-new-colossus
Immigrants experienced culture shock and hard living conditions during this time, as documented in later memoirs such as "America and I": https://www.commonlit.org/texts/america-and-i

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Agricultural Golden Age 0:39
Americans Move to Cities 1:54
New York City & Chicago 2:41
The Rise of Immigration 3:21
Immigrant Cities 4:05
Southern & Eastern European Immigrants 5:30
Chinese Immigrants 6:31
Mass Immigration: A Global Phenomenon 7:44
Mystery Document 8:34
Why Did Immigrants Come to America? 9:36
Living Conditions in Immigrant Cities 10:02
Wealth Segregation 11:00
Credits 12:12

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Why We Can Exist | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #2

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

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Liquids: Crash Course Chemistry #26

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

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What Makes an Artist “Great”? : Crash Course Art History #4

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

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Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

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How Animals Turn Resources Into Waste: The Poop Episode: Crash Course Biology #43

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

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Orbitals: Crash Course Chemistry #25

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

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Animal Infrastructure: Why You’re More Than Goo: Crash Course Biology #44

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

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Crash Course US History Outtakes #2

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 23:03:00 -0000

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The Dark Ages of the Cosmos | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #3

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:03:00 -0000

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Bonding Models and Lewis Structures: Crash Course Chemistry #24

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 11:03:00 -0000

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Should We Separate Art from the Artist?: Crash Course Art History #5

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll keep digging into the myth of the Great Artist, with whether we can—or should—separate artists’ personal actions and beliefs from the art they create. Art historians are exploring new ways to think about artists’ relationship to their work and how to talk about controversial art.

Introduction: Great Artists or Monsters? 00:00
"Great Artists" 00:48
The Romantics & Self-Portraits 01:53
The Avant-garde & Surrealism 03:10
Van Gogh & Gaugin 04:59
Artistic Collaboration 06:39
Separating Art from the Artist 07:48
Review & Credits 10:07

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Industrial Economy: Crash Course US History #23

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Industrial Economy that arose in the United States after the Civil War. You know how when you're studying history, and you're reading along and everything seems safely in the past, and then BOOM you think, "Man, this suddenly seems very modern." For me, that moment in US History is the post-Reconstruction expansion of industrialism in America. After the Civil War, many of the changes in technology and ideas gave rise to this new industrialism. You'll learn about the rise of Captains of Industry (or Robber Barons) like Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, John D Rockefeller, and JP Morgan. You'll learn about trusts, combinations, and how the government responded to these new business practices. All this, plus John will cover how workers reacted to the changes in society and the early days of the labor movement. You'll learn about the Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly, as well as Samuel Gompers and the AFL.

Chapters:
Introduction: American Industrialization 00:00
Geography, Demography, and Law 1:04
Geography & Resources 1:22
America's Changing Demographics 1:37
Laws & Economics 2:14
Changes in the American Workforce 2:59
How Railroads Impacted the Economy 3:26
Mystery Document 5:02
Robber Barrons 6:02
Cornelius Vanderbilt 6:23
John D. Rockefeller 6:39
Vertical Integration 7:04
Horizontal Integration 7:40
J.P. Morgan 7:58
Industrial Workers 8:13
The Knights of Labor 9:08
The American Federation of Labor 9:48
Social Darwinism 10:13
Organized Labor Uprisings 10:47
Credits 11:59

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What Is Good Art? : Crash Course Art History #6

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What makes some art valuable enough to hang in museums? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll look at different ways we can figure out the value of art beyond the number on the price tag, and we’ll examine how culture, society, history, and storytelling influence how we evaluate artwork.

Introduction: What Is "Good" Art? 00:00
Art & Beauty 00:57
Art & Innovation 02:09
Art & Lore: The Mona Lisa 04:27
Art Criticism 05:48
Clement Greenberg 07:26
Art & Museums 08:31
Review & Credits 10:23

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Polar and Non-Polar Molecules: Crash Course Chemistry #23

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Molecules come in infinite varieties, so in order to help the complicated chemical world make a little more sense, we classify and categorize them. One of the most important of those classifications is whether a molecule is polar or non-polar, which describes a kind of symmetry - not just of the molecule, but of the charge. In this edition of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank comes out for Team Polar and describes why these molecules are so interesting to him.

You'll learn that molecules need to have both charge asymmetry and geometric asymmetry to be polar, and that charge asymmetry is caused by a difference in electronegativities. You'll also learn how to notate a dipole moment (or charge separation) of a molecule, the physical mechanism behind like dissolves like, and why water is so dang good at fostering life on Earth.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Charge Asymmetry & Geometric Asymmetry 01:33
Difference in Electronegatives 01:49
Hank is Team Polar 00:33
Dipole Moment 03:49
Charge Separation of a Molecule 04:12
Like Dissolves Like 04:41
Water is Awesome 05:10

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Animal Defense Systems: How Skin, Snot, and Cells Keep Us Healthy: Crash Course Biology #45

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

The world is full of microbes and viruses that can get us sick, but we’ve got an Avengers-style defense system ready to take them on. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn about an animal’s immune system, from their skin to inflammatory responses, to the adaptive immune system and all the special cells and antibodies that come with it.

Introduction: Defending Against Pathogens 00:00
The Integumentary System 01:09
Internal Defenses 02:29
Asymptomatic Infections 05:52
Healing 06:31
Adaptive Immunity & Vaccines 07:05
The Lymphatic System 09:25
Review & Credits 10:32

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Reconstruction and 1876: Crash Course US History #22

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Reconstruction. After the divisive, destructive Civil War, Abraham Lincoln had a plan to reconcile the country and make it whole again. Then he was shot, Andrew Johnson took over, and the disagreements between Johnson and Congress ensured that Reconstruction would fail. The election of 1876 made the whole thing even more of a mess, and the country called it off, leaving the nation still very divided. John will talk about the gains made by African-Americans in the years after the Civil War, and how they lost those gains almost immediately when Reconstruction stopped. You'll learn about the Freedman's Bureau, the 14th and 15th amendments, and the disastrous election of 1876. John will explore the goals of Reconstruction, the successes and ultimate failures, and why his alma mater Kenyon College is better than Raoul's alma mater NYU.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
The period of Reconstruction that followed the Civil War was imperfect and failed to create lasting change after 1876: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/reconstruction
Following the end of the Civil War, many African Americans found themselves turning from slavery to sharecropping, an unfair system that would last until World War II and the Civil Rights Movement: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/from-slaves-to-sharecroppers

Learn more about Reconstruction in episode #19 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGPAnLDzQYY

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Johnson & the Reconstruction Era 0:33
The Freedman's Bureau 1:32
Sharecropping 2:14
The Civil Rights Act 3:04
The 14th Amendment 3:55
Mystery Document 4:20
The Reconstruction Act 5:18
The Election of 1868 & the 15th Amendment 5:38
African Americans in Office 6:32
Republican Governments in the South 7:52
Why did Reconstruction End? 8:23
White Violence Against Former Slaves 8:46
Northern Support Retreats 9:33
The Election of 1876 9:52
President Hayes and the Bargain of 1877 10:55
The Legacy of Reconstruction 12:03
Credits 12:29

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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When The Stars Turned On | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #4

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

"Is free will still in the equation?"

In this episode, the universe begins to become visible to itself. Dr. Katie Mack teaches John Green about the moment the stars turned on, while John seeks to answer one question... do humans matter to the universe?

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

0:00 - Introduction
0:55 - Do humans matter to the universe?
12:52 - The Stars Turned On
19:28 - Reionization
38:35 - Redshift and Radio Telescopes
48:10 - Katie expands on her work
53:01 - Being Suitably Small
56:22 - Conclusion

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Atomic Hook-Ups - Types of Chemical Bonds: Crash Course Chemistry #22

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Atoms are a lot like us - we call their relationships "bonds," and there are many different types. Each kind of atomic relationship requires a different type of energy, but they all do best when they settle into the lowest stress situation possible. The nature of the bond between atoms is related to the distance between them and, like people, it also depends on how positive or negative they are. Unlike human relationships, we can analyze exactly what makes chemical relationships work, and that's what this episode is all about.

If you are paying attention, you will learn that chemical bonds form in order to minimize the energy difference between two atoms or ions; that those chemical bonds may be covalent if atoms share electrons, and that covalent bonds can share those electrons evenly or unevenly; that bonds can also be ionic if the electrons are transferred instead of shared: and how to calculate the energy transferred in an ionic bond using Coulomb's Law.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Bonds Minimize Energy 01:38
Covalent Bonds 03:18
Ionic Bonds 05:37
Coulomb's Law 05:51

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How Does Art Tell Stories? : Crash Course Art History #7

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From cave paintings to public murals, humans have told stories with art for thousands of years. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we discover that visual storytelling is elementally human — and so is competing over whose story is told.

Introduction: Narrative Art 00:00
History as Story 00:55
Contradictory Stories 04:10
Official & Unofficial Stories 07:01
Review & Credits 08:51

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Civil War Part 2: Crash Course US History #21

Sun, 28 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you how the Civil War played a large part in making the United States the country that it is today. He covers some of the key ways in which Abraham Lincoln influenced the outcome of the war, and how the lack of foreign intervention also helped the Union win the war. John also covers the technology that made the Civil War different than previous wars. New weapons helped to influence the outcomes of battles, but photography influenced how the public at large perceived the war. In addition, John gets into the long-term effects of the war, including the federalization and unification of the United States. All this plus homesteading, land grant universities, railroads, federal currency, and taxes.

Check out the US National Archives Flickr. They have an awesome collection of Matthew Brady Civil War photography here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/collections/72157622495226723/

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of the most influential moments of the Civil War was when President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-emancipation-proclamation
However, Lincoln faced a long and difficult road before abolishing slavery, as seen in his relationship with Frederick Douglass: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/abolishing-slavery-the-efforts-of-frederick-douglass-and-abraham-lincoln
When President Lincoln was assassinated, the nation grieved and pondered how it would recover from the Civil War: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/o-captain-my-captain

Learn more about the Civil War, Frederick Douglass, and more in Crash Course Black American History:
Frederick Douglass (#17): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QOTexnD-NE
Black Americans in the Civil War (#18): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NgdnsjPFNE

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Did Lincoln Free the Slaves? 0:59
How Some Slaves Freed Themselves 1:55
Why Lincoln Signed the Emancipation Proclamation 2:41
The Gettysburg Address 4:20
The First Modern War 5:01
Mystery Document 6:04
Matthew Brady - Civil War Photographer 6:26
A New Nation 7:01
The Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, and Pacific Railway Act 8:16
Financing the Civil War 8:54
Post-War Industrialization 9:37
Credits 10:21

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems: What Really Happens When You Step on a Lego: Crash Course Biology #46

Sun, 28 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

If cells and organs never talked to each other, an animal would fall apart faster than a boy band after the popular one goes solo. Thankfully, that’s where the nervous and endocrine systems come in! In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn how they use neurons, hormones, and more to keep animals’ bodies coordinated.

Introduction: Internal communication in animals 00:00
Why communication matters 01:01
The nervous system 01:58
What happens when you step on a Lego? 03:48
Hormones 06:19
Fight or Flight 08:01
Review & Credits 09:07

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
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Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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Lab Techniques and Safety: Crash Course Chemistry #21

Sun, 28 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Hank takes a break from the desk to bring you to the lab in order to demonstrate some important points about the practical side of chemistry - experimentation in the laboratory. You'll learn what to wear in the lab, how to dispose of chemicals safely, how to avoid the most common accidents, how to pour solutions properly, what the HazMat diamond means, what an MSDS is, and how to use a fume hood. And as a reward for sticking with him through this maybe less-than-thrilling lecture, you'll see Hank subject himself to an exciting piece of safety apparatus.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Proper Lab Attire 0:51
Disposing Chemicals Safely 6:30
Avoiding Common Lab Accidents 5:40
Proper Pouring 5:19
Hazmat Diamond 2:26
MSDS 3:05
How to use Fume Hoods 3:38

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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How Do Religions Use Art?: Crash Course Art History #8

Sun, 28 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From the Egyptian Book of the Dead to Tibetan Buddhist sand mandalas, humans have always reached for art to express religious ideas and impulses. In this episode, we’ll explore how concepts of the divine and spirituality intersect with the history of art.

Introduction: James Hampton 00:00
The Book of the Dead 01:07
Art & Spiritual Feelings 02:57
Sacred Spaces 05:38
Art as Prayer & Ritual 07:40
Review & Credits 09:49

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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History of the 4th of July: Crash Course US History Special

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you a bit about the 4th of July. In this special short Crash Course, John celebrates American Independence Day by teaching you how the holiday came to be on the 4th of July, and the many ways that Americans celebrate the day. This is a little different than the normal Crash Course episode, so be prepared.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Famous abolitionist and freed slave Frederick Douglass ponders the history of the Fourth of July in the context of ongoing slavery in his famous "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/what-to-the-slave-is-the-fourth-of-july

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Declaration of Independence 0:29
July 4, 1776 1:25
How Americans Celebrate Independence Day 1:43
July 4: When Presidents Die 3:56
Americans Love Eating! 4:15
Happy Fourth of July from Crash Course! 4:45
Credits 4:59

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction: How Animals Do It: Crash Course Biology #47

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

When it comes to animal reproduction, there’s no one-size-fits-all strategy. Some animals need a mate, others don’t, and for some, it depends! In this episode, we’ll learn about sexual and asexual reproduction, internal and external fertilization, and all the ways that life, uh… finds a way.

Introduction: Reproduction 00:00
Asexual reproduction 01:33
Sexual Reproduction 04:48
Fertilization 05:58
Sexes 08:01
Review & Credits 11:11

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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Entropy: Embrace the Chaos! Crash Course Chemistry #20

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Life is chaos and the universe tends toward disorder. But why? If you think about it, there are only a few ways for things to be arranged in an organized manner, but there are nearly infinite other ways for those same things to be arranged. Simple rules of probability dictate that it's much more likely for stuff to be in one of the many disorganized states than in one of the few organized states. This tendency is so unavoidable that it's known as the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Obviously, disorder is a pretty big deal in the universe and that makes it a pretty big deal in chemistry - it's such a big deal that scientists have a special name for it: entropy. In chemistry, entropy is the measure of molecular randomness or disorder. For the next thirteen minutes, Hank hopes you will embrace the chaos as he teaches you about entropy.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Second Law of Thermodynamics 0:45
Entropy 2:01
DEMONSTRATION! 4:28
BA(OH)2•8H2O+NH4Ci 10:25
J.W. Gibbs & Gibbs Free Energy 7:23

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Black Holes | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #5

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

"The Big Sink"

In this episode, John and Katie take a break from talking through the universe's timeline to focus on a mystery of our cosmos: black holes.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green ACTUALLY teaches about the Civil War. In part one of our two-part look at the US Civil War, John looks into the causes of the war, and the motivations of the individuals who went to war. The overarching causes and the individual motivations were not always the same, you see. John also looks into why the North won, and whether that outcome was inevitable. The North's industrial and population advantages are examined, as are the problems of the Confederacy, including its need to build a nation at the same time it was fighting a war. As usual, John doesn't get much into the actual battle-by-battle breakdown. He does talk a little about the overarching strategy that won the war, and Grant's plan to just overwhelm the South with numbers. Grant took a lot of losses in the latter days of the war, but in the end, it did lead to the surrender of the South.

If you want to learn more about the Civil War, we recommend these books:
Battle Cry of Freedom by James McPherson: https://bit.ly/3jAtBzo
The Civil War by Shelby Foote: https://bit.ly/38VXTKZ

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. There were many causes of the American Civil War and events that led to disunion: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/causes-of-the-american-civil-war
Once the war started, its outcome was determined by the different abilities and resources of the divided North and South: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/a-nation-divided-north-vs-south

Learn more about Black Americans in the Civil War in episode #18 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NgdnsjPFNE

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Basic Facts of the Civil War 1:21
Free and Slave States 1:46
Causes of the Civil War 2:15
Religion and the Civil War 3:19
Union Advantages in the Civil War 4:24
Confederate Advantages in the Civil War 5:11
Was the Union's Victory Inevitable? 5:53
Mystery Document 6:43
Ulysses S. Grant 7:39
Union Weaknesses in the Civil War 8:18
Turning Points in the Civil War 9:20
Lincoln's Reelection 10:47
Credits 11:28

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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The Hidden Meanings in Nature Art: Crash Course Art History #9

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

From sunsets to double rainbows, nature’s full of beautiful things. So it’s not surprising that artists have found inspiration in Mother Nature for millennia. What is surprising is the wide variety of human concerns that nature art has been used to convey. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn about the ways artists use nature to make arguments about the world around us, and our place within it.

Introduction: The Nazca Plateau 00:00
The Hidden Meanings in Nature Art 01:04
Social Issues in Nature Art 03:39
Humans & the Environment 07:33
Review & Credits 10:16

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

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Calorimetry: Crash Course Chemistry #19

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Today's episode dives into the HOW of enthalpy. How we calculate it, and how we determine it experimentally...even if our determinations here at Crash Course Chemistry are somewhat shoddy.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Hess' Law 2:30
Calorimeter 3:12
Calorimetry 3:07
Specific Heat Capacity 5:08
Calorimetry Sources of Error 10:21

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Gender, Sex, and Sexuality: What’s the Difference?: Crash Course Biology #48

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

We tend to think life fits in two tidy categories: male or female, XX or XY. But it’s so much more diverse and complicated! In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll discover sex and sexuality as a continuum across life. We’ll learn why humans are the only species with gender, and why same-sex mating is more common than you might think.

Introduction: Sex & Gender in Humans 00:00
How Sex and Gender are different 01:15
Sex development 04:42
Differences in sex development 06:02
What is sexuality 07:46
Non-human diversity in sexuality 08:50
Review & Credits 12:12

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Disclaimer: This is very different than the usual Crash Course US History episode.

In which John Green lists a whole lot of the battles of the US Civil War in seven and a half minutes. We get a lot of requests for military history, so we offer a list of battle names, with some commentary about outcomes, and lots of really interesting pictures. This is a bit of a departure for Crash Course as we leave behind the world of thoughtful analysis and just list some facts. Don't worry though. We've already got our brains turned back on for the next episode.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Battle of Gettysburg remains one of the most infamous battles of the Civil War: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-battle-of-gettysburg
The Civil War pitted brother against brother and friend against friend, as was the case for the two warring generals in the Siege of Vicksburg: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-siege-of-vicksburg-a-tale-of-two-generals

Learn more about Black Americans in the Civil War in episode #18 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NgdnsjPFNE

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Battles of 1861 0:43
Battles of 1862 1:14
Battles of 1863 3:38
Battles of 1864 5:04
Battles of 1865 6:05
Union Victory! 6:34
Credits 6:52

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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How Communities Make Art: Crash Course Art History #10

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Art is often understood as a solitary act of personal expression. But art is also the basis for community from Alaska to Mali — and from gay rights advocates to Frida Kahlo appreciators. In this episode we’ll learn how community is created through art.

Note: While Yayoi Kusama is an incredibly influential artist, she has a complicated legacy. Writer and PhD candidate Dexter Thomas has called attention to anti-Black racism in her published writing, including her 2002 autobiography “Infinity Net.” We encourage you to view Crash Course Art History Episode 5 to hear our discussion about artists with problematic histories and join the conversation.

Introduction: Obliteration Room 00:00
The Great Mosque of Djenné 01:20
The Gelede 03:48
The Chief Johnson Pole 04:58
The Origins of Pride Flags 06:30
The Umbrella Art of Hong Kong 08:18
Review & Credits 09:45

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

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Enthalpy: Crash Course Chemistry #18

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Energy is like the bestest best friend ever and yet, most of the time we take it for granted. Hank feels bad for our friend and wants us to learn more about it so that we can understand what it's trying to tell us - like that any bond between two atoms contains energy. How much energy? That's not the simplest question to answer, but today Hank will answer it (kinda), by teaching us about a nifty little thing called enthalpy.

If you are paying attention to this episode you'll learn what the state function is, and how it varies from a path-dependent function; why enthalpy change is different from heat; that bonds are energy and to form and break them they release and absorb heat to and from their environment. You'll get the quickest introduction to calorimetry ever (more on that in upcoming episodes) and learn the power of Hess's Law and how to use Germain Hess's concept of the standard enthalpy of formation to calculate exactly how much heat is produced by any chemical reaction.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
State Function 1:50
Path-Dependent Function 1:15
Enthalpy 2:58
Bonds are Energy 5:10
Colorimetry 5:36
Hess' Law 6:19
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 7:24

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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The Story of Dark Matter | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #6

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

"How do we know that dark matter is there?"

In this episode, Dr. Katie Mack and John Green unpack the full story of dark matter.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Election of 1860 and the Road to Disunion: Crash Course US History #18

Wed, 24 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the election of 1860. As you may remember from last week, things were not great at this time in US history. The tensions between the North and South were rising, ultimately due to the single issue of slavery. The North wanted to abolish slavery, and the South wanted to continue with it. It seemed like a war was inevitable, and it turns out that it was. But first, the nation had to get through this election. You'll learn how the bloodshed in Kansas and the truly awful Kansas-Nebraska Act led directly to the decrease in popularity of Stephen Douglas, the splitting of the Democratic party, and the unlikely victory of a relatively inexperienced politician from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's election would lead directly to the secession of several southern states, and thus to the Civil War. John will teach you about all this, plus Dred Scott, Roger Taney, and John Brown.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Lincoln and Douglass debates of the 1850s fueled the argument over state's rights to decide on slavery and culminated when the two ran against one another in the Election of 1860: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-election-of-1860
In response to Lincoln's election, the South seceded from the Union and the Civil War began: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-south-secedes

Learn more about the Dred Scott Decision in Crash Course Black American History #16: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VffLWl8asY

Chapters:
Introduction: The Civil War 00:00
The Fugitive Slave Law 0:45
Railroads 2:26
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 3:04
How the Republican Party Formed 3:54
Public Opinion on Free vs. Slave States 4:22
The New Republican Party Gains Traction 5:45
How Kansas Became a State 6:31
The Dred Scott Decision 7:32
Mystery Document 9:14
John Brown & Harpers Ferry 10:25
The Election of 1860 11:13
The Start of the Civil War 12:14
Credits 13:40

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Animal Behavior: Why This Toad Is Bad at Jumping: Crash Course Biology #49

Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Why do animals do what they do? It’s a huge question, and in this episode, we’ll learn how scientists break it down. We’ll talk about the proximate and ultimate studies they use to understand animal behavior, and some of what they’ve learned along the way — including how much decision-making other animals are really doing.

Introduction: Animal Behavior 00:00
Proximate Level 02:01
Ultimate Level 03:06
Innate Behaviors 04:30
Complex Behaviors 06:34
Review & Credits 09:35

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Energy and Chemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #17

Wed, 24 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Grumpy Professor Hank admits to being wrong about how everything is chemicals. But he now wants you to listen as he blows your mind with a new sweeping statement: everything (yes, really everything this time) is energy. What?!

This week, Hank takes us on a quick tour of how thermodynamics is applied in chemistry using his toy trebuchet as an example because he is a proud nerd.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Everything Is Energy 0:00
Forms of Energy 1:07
Potential Energy 2:11
Chemical Energy 1:55
Energy Is Constant & Law of Thermodynamics 2:49
System & Surroundings 5:03
Energy Transfer 4:57
Work 3:25
Heat 4:05
Trebuchets 0:48

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Bodies in Art: Crash Course Art History #11

Wed, 24 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll hold a mirror to our bodies…in art, anyway. We’ll learn what portraits and self-portraits can tell us about the people they represent and about artists who’ve used bodies to critique their societies.

Introduction: We All Have Bodies 00:00
Portraits & Self-Portraits 00:56
European Art & the Nude Figure 04:10
"Becoming an Image" 07:18
"Olympia" 08:46
Review & Credits 11:54

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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War and Expansion: Crash Course US History #17

Tue, 23 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s and the expansion of the United States into the western end of North America. In this episode of Crash Course, US territory finally reaches from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean. After Oregon was secured from the UK and the southwest was ceded by Mexico, that is. Famous Americans abound in this episode, including James K Polk (Young Hickory, Napoleon of the Stump), Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott. You'll also learn about the California Gold Rush of 1848, and California's admission as a state, which necessitated the Compromise of 1850. Once more slavery is a crucial issue. Something is going to have to be done about slavery, I think. Maybe it will come to a head next week. Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. America’s Westward expansion was fueled by both Manifest Destiny and a desire to grow the nation and its resources — though at a cost: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/manifest-destiny

Chapters:
Introduction: Texas & California 00:00
Manifest Destiny 0:41
The Oregon Trail 1:21
Western Settlements 1:37
How Texas Became a State 2:02
Polk's Wars for Expansion 4:04
Critics of the Mexican-American War 4:51
The End of the Mexican-American War 5:32
The Know-Nothings 6:20
The California Gold Rush 7:26
Mystery Document 8:08
California & the Free Soil Party 9:21
California Statehood and the Compromise of 1850 10:25
The Problem with Manifest Destiny 11:40
Credits 12:14

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Biology and You: The Dr. Sammy Show: Crash Course Biology #50

Tue, 23 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Biology connects all of life—all of YOUR life. In the final episode of Crash Course Biology, Dr. Sammy is taking your questions. No matter how big, small, or personal, biology is in them all! He’ll show us how biology can help us solve problems and understand everyday life.

Introduction: Biology and You 00:00
Stress Response 01:27
Ecological Niches 3:15
Water Solvency 4:34
Unity of Life 6:16
Biology as a Career 7:50
Evolution 9:13
Final Review & Credits 10:47

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Forrest Langseth, Emily Beazley, Neeloy Gomes, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Ken Davidian, Toni Miles, AmyL, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Mark & Susan Billian, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Rizwan Kassim, Vaso , ClareG, Alex Hackman, Constance Urist, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Passing Gases: Effusion, Diffusion, and the Velocity of a Gas - Crash Course Chemistry #16

Tue, 23 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

We have learned over the past few weeks that gases have real-life constraints on how they move here in the non-ideal world. As with most things in chemistry (and also in life), how a gas moves is more complex than it seems at first. In this episode, Hank describes what it means when we talk about the velocity of a gas - to understand gas velocity, we have to know what factors affect it, and how. Hank also teaches you about effusion, diffusion, and concentration gradients, before showing off a cool experiment that physically demonstrates the things you have just learned. Sound exciting enough for you? Let's get started.

*Special Thanks to Matt Young at the University of Montana (Geosciences Department, Environmental Biogeochemistry Lab) who helped with the chemical demonstrations.*

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Net Velocity vs. Average Velocity 1:17
Effusion 4:47
Graham's Law 5:52
Diffusion 7:22
Concentration Gradients 7:08
Precipitation Reaction with Gases 8:21

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What’s Keeping the Stars Apart | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #7

Tue, 23 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Katie Mack and John Green discuss the wonder keeping the stars apart... dark energy.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Chapters
0:00 - Introduction
1:25 - Reviewing our Timeline
6:05 - Reviewing Redshift & Introducing the Hubble Tension
19:14 - Cosmic Noon & Galactic Archaeology
32:30 - The Universe's Rate of Expansion
40:29 - Dark Energy & The Cosmological Constant
55:58 - Poetry in the Astrophysics Podcast
58:07 - Outro

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Crash Course Outtakes

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you that things don't always go as planned on the Crash Course set. Here we have outtakes from our Crash Course in Literature and some of the early US History episodes. Warning: there is some censored profanity in this video. It's pretty mild, you can probably handle it.

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Origins of Color (Trade and Exchange): Crash Course Art History #12

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

How can the color “red” be a global commodity? How can the way a statue stands be a sign of cultural exchange? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll explore how trade networks have moved both materials and ideas — and how art reflects a multi-directional flow of influences.

Introduction: Bugs & Red Dye 00:00
The Silk Road 01:10
The Crusades 04:15
The Conquistadors 07:42
Review & Credits 09:09

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Partial Pressures and Vapor Pressure: Crash Course Chemistry #15

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

This week we continue to spend quality time with gases, more deeply investigating some principles regarding pressure - including John Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, vapor pressure - and demonstrating the method for collecting gas over water.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Theory of the Atom 1:48
Adding up the Pressures 2:34
Mixing Vinegar & Baking Soda 7:15
Collecting Gas Over Water 8:54

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Who Gets to Be a "Real" Artist? (Amateur and Outsider Art): Crash Course Art History #13

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

For centuries, “official” art spaces have shaped whose work gets taken seriously. But there are no required qualifications for making art! In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll explore amateurs and outsiders. We’ll learn how the line separating who’s in and who’s out has shifted over time — and how influences have drifted across it.

Introduction: What Is an Amateur? 00:00
The Origins of "Amateur" 01:05
"Amateur" Women Artists 03:31
Wohaw's Drawings 04:53
Outsider Art & Art Brut 07:05
Review & Credits 09:40

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Women in the 19th Century: Crash Course US History #16

Sun, 21 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green finally gets around to talking about some women's history. In the 19th Century, the United States was changing rapidly, as we noted in the recent Market Revolution and Reform Movements episodes. Things were also in a state of flux for women. The reform movements, which were in large part driven by women, gave these self-same women the idea that they could work on their own behalf, and radically improve the state of their own lives. So, while these women were working on prison reform, education reform, and abolition, they also started talking about equal rights, universal suffrage, temperance, and fair pay. Women like Susan B. Anthony, Carry Nation, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the Grimkés, and Lucretia Mott strove tirelessly to improve the lot of American women, and it worked, eventually. John will teach you about the Christian Temperance Union, the Seneca Falls Convention, the Declaration of Sentiments, and a whole bunch of other stuff that made life better for women.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Few women were as vocal for women's rights during the 19th century as Susan B. Anthony: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-life-s-work-of-susan-b-anthony
Anthony worked for women's right to vote alongside great women like Sojourner Truth, who stressed the importance of intersectional feminism in her influential “Ain't I a Woman?” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/ain-t-i-a-woman

Chapters:
Introduction: How Women Transformed Pre-Civil War America 00:00
Women's Experience During Colonial America 0:59
Women's Participation in the Political Process 1:35
Women's Participation in the Market Revolution 2:49
Mystery Document 3:46
Women's Opportunities for Work 4:52
Women's Participation in Reform Movements 5:40
Women's Suffrage 7:24
Women in the Abolitionist Movement 8:04
Opposition to Women's Rights 8:56
The Suffragettes 9:36
The Patriarchy 11:20
Women's Participation in Reform Movements 12:03
Credits 12:38

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Life In Our Universe | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #8

Sun, 21 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Katie Mack and John Green discuss why life was able to happen.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Chapters
0:00 Introduction
2:10 The Elements We're Made Of
25:25 Our Solar System Forms
31:04 Life on Earth
41:32 Life on Other Planets
55:33 The Human Pursuit of Understanding

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Real Gases: Crash Course Chemistry #14

Sun, 21 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Hank bursts our ideal gas law bubble, er, balloon, and brings us back to reality, explaining how the constants in the gas law aren't all that constant; how the ideal gas law we've spent the past two weeks with has to be corrected for volume because atoms and molecules take up space and for pressure because they're attracted to each other; that Einstein was behind a lot more of what we know today than most people realize; and how a Dutch scientist named Johannes van der Waals figured out those correction factors in the late 19th century and earned a Nobel Prize for his efforts.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Constants in the Gas Laws Aren't all that Constant 1:20
The Ideal Gas Law has to be Corrected for Volume and Pressure 3:26
Einstein was the Bomb 5:02
Van Der Waals Equation 9:38
Never Give Up! 10:08

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What's the Difference Between Art and Design?

Sun, 21 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What counts as design? What counts as art? And how did this debate start? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll trace the history of privileging some materials and techniques over others. We’ll explore how street fashion, dinner plates, and a swan candelabrum blur boundaries that were never clear-cut to begin with.

Crash Course Art History #14
Introduction: "The Dinner Party" 00:00
A Timeline of the Debate 02:03
Folk Art 05:12
The Sapeurs 06:59
Blending Art & Design 08:04
Review & Credits 10:06

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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19th Century Reforms: Crash Course US History #15

Sat, 20 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about various reform movements in the 19th century United States. From Utopian societies to the Second Great Awakening to the Abolition movement, American society was undergoing great changes in the first half of the 19th century. Attempts at idealized societies popped up (and universally failed) at Utopia, OH, New Harmony, IN, Modern Times, NY, and many other places around the country. These utopians had a problem with mainstream society, and their answer was to withdraw into their own little worlds. Others didn't like the society they saw and decided to try to change it. Relatively new Protestant denominations like the Methodists and Baptists reached out to "the unchurched" during the Second Great Awakening, and membership in evangelical sects of Christianity rose quickly. At the same time, Abolitionist societies were trying to free the slaves. Americans of the 19th century had looked at the world they were living in and decided to change it.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
Of all of the reform movements of the 1800s, few were as impactful as the movement to abolish slavery: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-revolutionary-rise-of-abolitionists
Women were heavily involved in the abolitionist movement and firsthand stories like freed slave Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl were important to the cause: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/what-slaves-are-taught-to-think-of-the-north

Learn more about the abolitionist movement in Crash Course Black American History:
Maria Stewart (#14): https://youtu.be/nsVnWD5PrIg
Frederick Douglass (#17): https://youtu.be/7QOTexnD-NE

Chapters:
Introduction: Religious & Moral Reform Movements of the 19th Century 00:00
Shaker Communities 0:33
Latter Day Saints 1:21
Brook Farm 1:46
Other Utopian Communities 2:50
The 2nd Great Awakening 3:21
The Oneida Community 3:44
Values of the 2nd Great Awakening 4:25
The Temperance Movement 5:59
Asylums 7:02
Common Schools 7:29
The Abolitionist Movement 8:13
Resistance to the Abolitionist Movement 10:02
Abolitionist Writers 10:45
Mystery Document 11:40
Frederick Douglass 13:06
Credits 14:14

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How a Banana Sold for $150,000 : Modern Art

Sat, 20 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Our cultural perspectives shape how we perceive art, including who we see as contributing to its most important movements. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll get to the truth behind the creation of modernism and bust the myth of its European beginning. We’ll show how modernism was a truly global movement, in which far-flung artists responded to a rapidly changing world.

Crash Course Art History #15
Introduction: "The Comedian" 00:00
How Modernism Started 00:54
Modernism's Influences 04:10
Decentering Europe 06:55
Multiple Modernisms 09:23
Review & Credits 10:47

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, Vaso
__

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Ideal Gas Problems: Crash Course Chemistry #13

Sat, 20 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

We don't live in a perfect world, and neither do gases - it would be great if their particles always fulfilled the assumptions of the ideal gas law, and we could use PV=nRT to get the right answer every time. Unfortunately, the ideal gas law (like our culture) has unrealistic expectations when it comes to size and attraction: it assumes that particles do not have size at all and that they never attract each other. So the ideal gas "law" often becomes little more than the ideal gas estimate when it comes to what gases do naturally. But it's a close enough estimate in enough situations that it's very valuable to know. In this episode, Hank goes through a bunch of calculations according to the ideal gas law so you can get familiar with it.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Large Size + Attraction to Others 3:36
Mendeleev to the Rescue 2:30
The Hindenburg Disaster 6:19
Helium vs. Hydrogen 7:33
Making Fire with Cotton and Your Fist 10:15

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Age of Jackson: Crash Course US History #14

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? That's a question we can't answer, but we can tell you how Jackson got to be president, and how he changed the country when he got the job. Jackson's election was more democratic than any previous presidential election. More people were able to vote, and they picked a doozie. Jackson was a well-known war hero, and he was elected over his longtime political enemy, John Quincy Adams. Once Jackson was in office, he did more to expand executive power than any of the previous occupants of the White House. He used armed troops to collect taxes, refused to enforce legislation and supreme court legislation, and hired and fired his staff based on support in elections. He was also the first president to regularly wield the presidential veto as a political tool. Was he a good president? Watch this video and draw your own conclusions.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of Andrew Jackson's most lasting and memorable policies was that of Indian removal: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/andrew-jackson-s-speech-to-congress-on-indian-removal
Jackson’s promotion of this cause led to the infamous Trail of Tears: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-trail-of-tears-diary

Chapters:
Introduction: the Age of Jackson 00:00
Democracy in the United States 0:32
Economics during the Era of Good Feelings 1:56
The Monroe Doctrine 2:48
John Quincy Adams 3:17
The Missouri Compromise 3:56
Martin Van Buren, "The Little Magician", and other Presidential Nicknames 4:58
Andrew Jackson's Presidential Campaign 6:16
The Democratic Party 7:15
The Whig Party 7:41
Jackson's Tariffs 8:28
The Indian Removal Act & The Trail of Tears 9:37
American Banking Under Jackson 10:40
Mystery Document 10:56
Jackson Ends the Second U.S. Bank 12:00
Inflation and the Panic of 1837 12:53
Legacy of the Age of Jackson 13:54
Credits 14:35

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Why Is Everyone So Mad About Public Art?

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

From giant rock sculptures to Confederate statues, there’s something about public art that cranks up the temperature of debate. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn about public art’s diversity of media, how it shapes collective identity, and why it seems to cause such intense controversy.

Crash Course Art History #16
Introduction: Confederate Monuments 00:00
What is Public Art? 1:13
Political Public Art 2:33
Public Art & Social Change: 06:38
Review & Credits 10:28

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Ideal Gas Law: Crash Course Chemistry #12

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Gases are everywhere, and this is good news and bad news for chemists. The good news: when they are behaving themselves, it's extremely easy to describe their behavior theoretically, experimentally, and mathematically. The bad news is they almost never behave themselves.
In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank tells how the work of some amazing thinkers combined to produce the Ideal Gas Law, how none of those people were Robert Boyle, and how the ideal gas equation allows you to find out pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles. You'll also get a quick introduction to a few jargon-y phrases to help you sound like you know what you're talking about.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Ideal Gas Law Equation 0:50
Everyone But Robert Boyle 1:35
Ideal Gas Law to Figure Out Things 6:16
Jargon Fun Time 7:46

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Graffiti, Street Art and Murals: What We Learn from Public Art

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Independent public art like graffiti and street art often gets a bad rap, thanks to its legal classification as vandalism. But these art forms have much to offer as a means for people to speak truth to power and take ownership of community spaces. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll explore the various ways artists have used illicit public art to express themselves.

Crash Course Art History #17
Introduction: Ancient Graffiti 00:00
Independent Public Art 01:01
Impermanent Art 02:29
Public Art as Political Expression 04:11
Jean-Michel Basquiat 06:40
Review & Credits 09:12

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Slavery - Crash Course US History #13

Thu, 18 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about America's "peculiar institution," slavery. I wouldn't really call it peculiar. I'd lean more toward a horrifying and depressing institution, but nobody asked me. John will talk about what life was like for an enslaved person in the 19th century United States, and how enslaved people resisted oppression, to the degree that was possible. We'll hear about cotton plantations, the violent punishment of enslaved people, the day-to-day lives of enslaved people, and slave rebellions. Nat Turner, Harriet Tubman, and Whipped Peter all make an appearance. Slavery as an institution is arguably the darkest part of America's history, and we're still dealing with its aftermath 150 years after it ended.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
Memoirs from former slaves like abolitionist Frederick Douglass provide insightful context on the harsh realities of slavery: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-excerpt-from-chapter-1
Others resisted the violence of slavery through open rebellion, like Nat Turner: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/nat-turner-s-slave-revolt
Abolitionists and free slaves alike had to fight against unfair laws such as the Fugitive Slave Act: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/fugitive-slave-act-of-1793

Want to learn more about the history and experiences of enslaved people in the United States? Check out these videos from Crash Course Black American History:
The Transatlantic Slave Trade (#1): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S72vvfBTQws
Slavery in the American Colonies (#2): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4syEkyOzmY
Slave Codes (#4): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gu9RIGGXeNo
The Germantown Petition Against Slavery (#5): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XT8q6cYsVpc
The US Constitution, 3/5, and the Slave Trade Clause (#9): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57xUbch1viI
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 (#10): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcdOWKiKgWU
Women's Experience Under Slavery (#11): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAe7ETfQ_aA
The Underground Railroad (#15): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Byh-HityBIM

Chapters:
Introduction: Slavery in Early America 00:00
North & South economic ties 0:50
Slave-based agriculture in the South 1:49
Popular attitudes concerning slavery 2:28
Lives & experiences of enslaved people 5:53
Family, love, & religion of enslaved people 8:00
Mystery Document 9:18
How people resisted & escaped slavery 10:37
Slave rebellions 11:37
Nat Turner's Rebellion 12:09
How enslaved people resisted their oppression & why it matters 12:48
Credits 13:48

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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The Future | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #10

Thu, 18 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In this episode, Dr. Katie Mack gives John Green an idea of what to expect for the future of our universe.

Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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How to Speak Chemistrian: Crash Course Chemistry #11

Thu, 18 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Learning to talk about chemistry can be like learning a foreign language, but Hank is here to help with some straightforward and simple rules to help you learn to speak Chemistrian like a native.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Determining Formulas and Names of Monatomic Ions 2:06
Finding Cation-and Anion Forming Elements on the Periodic Table 3:29
Writing Formulas and Naming Transition Metals 4:02
Naming Acids and their Anions 5:35

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Is AI-Generated Art Original? (Authenticity and Originality)

Thu, 18 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What’s the line between inspiration and flat-out appropriation? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we grapple with questions about artistic originality and authenticity that have plagued the art world for hundreds of years. In today’s world of AI-generated art, it’s only getting more complicated. You will see a few AI-generated images in this video as part of our effort to dive directly into the questions surrounding AI-generated art.

Crash Course Art History #18
Introduction: AI Art 00:00
Dürer's Copycat 01:10
Provenance & Authentication 02:46
Originality & Copyright 03:58
Conceptual Art 05:51
The "Hope" Poster 08:29
Review & Credits 09:58

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Market Revolution: Crash Course US History #12

Wed, 17 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Market Revolution. In the first half of the 19th century, the way people lived and worked in the United States changed drastically. At play was the classic (if anything in a 30-year-old nation can be called classic) American struggle between the Jeffersonian ideal of individuals sustaining themselves on small farms vs. the Hamiltonian vision of an economy based on manufacturing and trade. I'll give you one guess who won. Too late! It was Hamilton, which is why if you live in the United States, you probably live in a city and are unlikely to be a farmer. Please resist the urge to comment about this if you live in the country and/or are a farmer. Your anecdotal experience doesn't change the fact that most people live in cities. In the early 19th century, new technologies in transportation and communication helped remake the economic system of the country. Railroads and telegraphs changed the way people moved goods and information around. The long and short of it is, the Market Revolution meant that people now went somewhere to work rather than working at home. Often, that somewhere was a factory where they worked for an hourly wage rather than getting paid for the volume of goods they manufactured. This shift in the way people work has repercussions in our daily lives right down to today. Watch as John teaches you how the Market Revolution sowed the seeds of change in the way Americans thought about the roles of women, slavery, and labor rights. Also, check out high school John wearing his Academic Decathalon medals.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. As America invested in its market economy, certain transcendentalists resisted the rise of production and consumerism over individual freedoms, including Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-walden
Ralph Waldo Emerson promoted transcendental values as well in his essay “Self-Reliance”: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpt-from-self-reliance

Chapters:
Introduction: The Market Revolution 00:00
The Era of Good Feelings 1:00
New technology in transportation 1:43
Steamboats and canals 2:45
Railroads & telegraphs 3:35
Factories & interchangeable parts 4:02
The rise of modern banking 4:51
Encouraging Competition 5:37
Work & life during the Market Revolution 6:29
Westward expansion & "Manifest Destiny" 8:32
Mystery Document 10:09
Transcendentalists 11:28
Wealth disparities after the Market Revolution 11:53
Credits 13:33

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Crash Course Religions Preview

Wed, 17 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Religions! Over the next 24 episodes, John Green will explore the history and culture of religions and how they offer frameworks for making sense of our lives — while being incredibly slippery things to pin down. We’ll discover how we define, debate, and contest what religion means, whether we’re personally religious or not. Episode 1 premieres on September 10, 2024.

This content is based on an introductory university-level curriculum and the input of an advisory board of religious scholars. By the end of this course, you should be able to:

*Use tools and concepts in the study of religion to understand religious practices and worldviews.

*Unpack the history and culture of several major and minoritized religious traditions.

*Analyze inter-religious and intra-religious connections, influences, and frictions.

*Develop an informed historical perspective on contemporary religious issues and debates.

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Redox Reactions: Crash Course Chemistry #10

Wed, 17 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

All the magic that we know is in the transfer of electrons. Reduction (gaining electrons) and oxidation (the loss of electrons) combine to form Redox chemistry, which contains the majority of chemical reactions. As electrons jump from atom to atom, they carry energy with them, and that transfer of energy is what makes all life on Earth possible.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/B-2h7u665AM

Thank you to the following chemistry teachers for their assistance:
James Sarbinoff
Rachel Wentz
Edi González
Lucas Moore
Chris Conley
Addie Clark
Julia Rosinski

Special Thanks to Matt Young at the University of Montana (Geosciences Department, Environmental Biogeochemistry Lab) who helped with the chemical demonstrations.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Why Is Art So Expensive?

Wed, 17 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What makes a painting worth millions of dollars? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’re looking at the history behind today’s art industry and how we determine an artwork’s financial value. We’ll also learn how the big business of buying and selling art runs on imperialism, and how people in the art world are fighting back.

Crash Course Art History: Episode #19
Introduction: Million-Dollar Paintings 00:00
Patronage 00:53
The Free Market 01:55
Appraisal 03:59
Colonialism & Art 06:17
The Gallery Industrial Complex 08:10
Review & Credits 10:07

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The War of 1812 - Crash Course US History #11

Tue, 16 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and its former colonial overlord England. It started in, you guessed it 1812. The war lasted until 1815, and it resolved very little. John will take you through the causes of the war, tell you a little bit about the fighting itself, and get into just why the US Army couldn't manage to make any progress invading Canada. And yes, Canadians, we're going to talk about the White House getting burned down. The upshot: no territory changed hands, and most of the other bones of contention were solved prior to the actual war. Although nothing much changed for the US and England, the Native Americans were the big losers. Tecumseh was killed, and the Indian tribes lost a lot of their territory. Watch as John lays it all out for you.

Chapters:
Introduction: The War of 1812 00:00
Causes for The War of 1812 - British Impressment of American Sailors 0:44
Henry Clay and the Warhawks 2:13
Americans Wanted Canada 3:02
Mystery Document 3:42
Expansion into Native American Territory 4:19
Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe 4:57
The U.S.'s First Declaration of War 6:32
Battles of The War of 1812 7:19
The Treaty of Ghent 9:45
Outcomes of The War of 1812 10:23
The Hartford Convention 11:03
American Nationalism After The War of 1812 11:31
Credits 12:09

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What Even IS a Religion?: Crash Course Religions #1

Tue, 16 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

When is yoga religious, and when is it… not religious enough? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll find out why these frameworks we call “religions” are so hard to define, and why our definitions have real-life consequences.

Introduction: Is Yoga a Religion? 00:00
What Are Religions? 01:32
The History of "Religion" 05:48
Impacts of the "Religion" Label 08:46
Review & Credits 10:11

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan BridgemEmily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Rie Ohta, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jon Allen, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, William McGraw, Vaso , Nathan Taylor, ClareG, Constance Urist, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Precipitation Reactions: Crash Course Chemistry #9

Tue, 16 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

A lot of ionic compounds dissolve in water, dissociating into individual ions. But when two ions find each other and form an insoluble compound, they suddenly fall out of the solution in what's called a precipitation reaction. In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, we learn about precipitation, precipitates, anions, cations, and how to describe and discuss ionic reactions.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel: https://youtu.be/w_EEk317jnk

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Precipitate Reactions 0:34
Determining Precipitates 1:35
Writing Precipitate Reactions 6:31
Calculating Molar Mass Equation 8:52

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Thomas Jefferson and His Democracy: Crash Course US History #10

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about founding father and third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson is a somewhat controversial figure in American history, largely because he, like pretty much all humans, was a big bundle of contradictions. Jefferson was a slave-owner who couldn't decide if he liked slavery. He advocated for small government but expanded federal power more than either of his presidential predecessor. He also idealized the independent farmer and demonized manufacturing, but put policies in place that would expand industrial production in the US. Controversy may ensue as we try to deviate a bit from the standard hagiography/slander story that is usually told about old TJ. John explores Jefferson's election, his policies, and some of the new nation's (literally and figuratively) formative events that took place during Jefferson's presidency. In addition to all this, Napoleon drops in to sell Louisiana, John Marshall sets the course of the Supreme Court, and John Adams gets called a tiny tyrant.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Thomas Jefferson is remembered as the Founding Father responsible for saying all men are created equal in The Declaration of Independence: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-declaration-of-independence
Jefferson didn't always practice what he preached though, as seen in his mixed views on American Indians: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/excerpts-from-thomas-jefferson-s-writings-on-american-indians

Chapters:
Introduction: Thomas Jefferson 00:00
The Election of 1800 0:42
Jefferson's Attitudes Towards Slavery 2:34
Gabriel's Rebellion and Other Slave Uprisings 3:47
Mystery Document 4:28
Jefferson's America 6:02
John Marshall, Judicial Review, and Marbury v. Madison 7:07
The Louisiana Purchase 8:32
Jefferson's Embargo 10:16
Jefferson's Complicated Legacy 12:03
Credits 12:46

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Does Defacing Art = Activism?

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Art is the perfect tool for activists to get across their message and make people pay attention. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn about the centuries-long practice of iconoclasm, how art intersects with protest movements, and what happens to artists when the authorities aren’t thrilled by their acts of resistance.

Introduction: Gran Fury & ACT-UP 00:00
Performance Art 01:08
Jaune Quick-to-See Smith 02:28
Ai Weiwei 04:04
Iconoclasm 07:11
Review & Credits 08:58

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Does Defacing Art = Activism?

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

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Acid-Base Reactions in Solution: Crash Course Chemistry #8

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Last week, Hank talked about how stuff mixes together in solutions. Today, and for the next few weeks, he will talk about the actual reactions happening in those solutions - atoms reorganizing themselves to create whole new substances in the processes that make our world the one we know and love. This week, we focus on acids and bases and their proton-exchanging ways.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/Or2h02mqvD4

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Chemistry Can Cause Death 00:00
Acids and Bases are Complicated 02:25
Conjugate Bases 05:37
Conjugate Acids 04:48
Acid-Base Stoichiometry 06:49

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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How Many Religions Are There?: Crash Course Religions #2

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

When we think of world religions, we often think of the Big Five: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. But why do we think of those? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn why “world religions” is a category constructed by human choices—and why that matters for the communities that are left out.

Introduction: "Coexist" 00:00
The "Big Five" 00:53
Colonialism & Religion 01:38
"World Religions" 04:02
Family Resemblance 05:03
Essentialism & Nationalism 07:10
The Limits of "Major Religions" 09:39
Review & Credits 10:30

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Where US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9

Sun, 14 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you where American politicians come from. In the beginning, soon after the US constitution was adopted, politics were pretty non-existent. George Washington was elected president with no opposition, everything was new and exciting, and everyone just got along. For several months. Then the contentious debate about the nature of the United States began, and it continues to this day. Washington and his lackey/handler Alexander Hamilton pursued an elitist program of federalism. They attempted to strengthen the central government, create a strong nation-state, and leave less of the governance to the states, They wanted to create debt, encourage manufacturing, and really modernize the new nation/ The opposition, creatively known as the anti-federalists, wanted to build some kind of agrarian pseudo-paradise where every (white) man could have his own farm, and live a free, self-reliant life. The founding father who epitomized this view was Thomas Jefferson. By the time Adams became president, the anti-federalists had gotten the memo about how alienating a name like anti-federalist can be. It's so much more appealing to voters if your party is for something rather than being defined by what you're against, you know? In any case, Jefferson and his acolytes changed their name to the Democratic-Republican Party, which covered a lot of bases, and proceeded to protest nearly everything Adams did. Lest you think this week is all boring politics, you'll be thrilled to hear this episode has a Whiskey Rebellion, a Quasi-War, anti-French sentiment, some controversial treaties, and something called the XYZ Affair, which sounds very exciting. Learn all about it this week with John Green.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Much of America's politics came from debates between democratic republican Thomas Jefferson and federalist Alexander Hamilton: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/alexander-hamilton
While Jefferson would go on to become president, Hamilton heavily influenced President George Washington who set many American political ideals in his farewell address that Hamilton helped craft: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/washington-s-farewell-address

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Alexander Hamilton's Vision for America 0:26
Thomas Jefferson's Vision for America 2:10
Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists 3:32
George Washington and the First U.S. Presidential Election 4:33
Hamilton's Five-Point Plan 5:04
Republican Opposition to Hamilton's Economic Plan 6:20
The Whiskey Rebellion 7:02
Early U.S. Foreign Affairs 7:31
The End of Washington's Presidency 8:36
Mystery Document 9:21
John Adams' Presidency 10:48
The Alien and Sedition Acts 11:56
Credits 13:24
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The Importance of Preserving, Restoring, and Conserving Art

Sun, 14 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Art tells the story of humanity across societies and cultures, but keeping that art around for future generations can be a monumental task. In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn how art historians preserve, restore, and conserve art that tells the story of who we are and who we want to be.

Introduction: "The Last Supper" 00:00
Preservation 00:53
Restoration 02:27
"Ecce Homo" 04:03
Conservation 06:19
Review & Credits 09:31

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course Out-Takes Chemistry #1

Sun, 14 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Sometimes words can be hard to say.

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What's the Difference Between Cults and Religion?: Crash Course Religions #3

Sun, 14 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What is a cult? How are cults different from religions? And why do many religious scholars say we shouldn’t even use that label? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn why the line between cults and religions is much fuzzier than it seems.

Introduction: Is This a Cult? 00:00
From Cult to Religion 00:36
Brainwashing 03:03
Qualities of Cults 04:04
Ditching the "Cult" Label 05:40
Harms of the "Cult" Label 07:29
Review & Credits 08:50

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Water and Solutions - for Dirty Laundry: Crash Course Chemistry #7

Sat, 13 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Dihydrogen monoxide (better known as water) is the key to nearly everything. It falls from the sky, makes up 60% of our bodies, and just about every chemical process related to life takes place with it or in it. Without it, none of the chemical reactions that keep us alive would happen - none of the reactions that sustain any life form on earth would happen - and the majority of inorganic chemical reactions that shape the surface of the earth would not happen either. Every one of us uses water for all kinds of chemistry every day - our body chemistry, our food chemistry, and our laundry chemistry all take place in water.

In today's Crash Course Chemistry, we use Hank's actual dirty laundry (ew) to learn about some of the properties of water that make it so special - its polarity and dielectric property; how electrolytes can be used to classify solutions; and we discover how to calculate a solution's molarity as well as how to dilute a solution using the dilution equation.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Polarity 02:40
Dielectric Property 04:13
Electrolytes 04:29
Molarity 08:46
Dilution 10:56

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What is the Future of Art?

Sat, 13 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

How do smartphones and 3-D models change how we experience art? And even history itself? In this episode of Crash Course Art History, we’ll learn how technology is shifting the ways we think about art’s past, present, and future.

Crash Course Art History: Episode #22
Introduction: Trendy "Museums" 00:00
The Mosul Lion & Digital Karnak 00:55
"Migration Series" 03:42
Social Media & Art 05:43
The Future of Art 07:22
Review & Credits 09:28

Image Descriptions: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ETiCxe4GrVzFii7dBhF42oHx1EUCCh5y12wbtUjsH8A/edit

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GW2NKzhpMNMmRyAFJVhFJG9cSfUOMRL-QrcWuHcWcIA/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Constitution, the Articles, and Federalism: Crash Course US History #8

Sat, 13 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the United States Constitution. During and after the American Revolutionary War, the government of the new country operated under the Articles of Confederation. While these Articles got the young nation through its war with England, they weren't of much use when it came to running a country. So, the founding fathers decided to try their hand at nation-building, and they created the Constitution of the United States, which you may remember as the one that says We The People at the top. John will tell you how the convention came together, some of the compromises that had to be made to pass this thing, and why it's very lucky that the framers installed a somewhat reasonable process for making changes to the thing. You'll learn about Shays' Rebellion, the Federalist Papers, the elite vs rabble dynamic of the houses of congress, and start to find out just what an anti-federalist is.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Founding Fathers debated over how to govern the new nation, beginning with the Articles of Confederation: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/articles-of-confederation
When the Founding Fathers finally wrote the Constitution, they realized that they needed to add The Bill of Rights to get citizens on board with the new government: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-bill-of-rights

Want to learn more about our government's structure? Watch Crash Course US Government & Politics here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrk4oY7UxpQ&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOfse2ncvffeelTrqvhrz8H

For a deeper look into The US Constitution, the 3/5 Compromise, and the Slave Trade Clause, check out Episode 9 of Crash Course Black American History: https://youtu.be/57xUbch1viI

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Articles of Confederation 0:34
What did the Articles of Confederation Accomplish? 2:10
Shay's Rebellion 3:12
The United States Constitution 4:24
The Great Compromise Establishes the Bicameral Congress 6:14
The 3/5ths Compromise 7:13
Checks and Balances 8:04
The Federalist papers 9:31
Mystery Document 10:16
What is the Second Amendment? 10:59
Anti-Federalists 11:32
Credits 12:31

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What’s the Difference Between Religion and Magic? | Crash Course Religions #4

Sat, 13 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

The word “magic” has dubious, demonic connotations. But is there really a difference between magic and religion? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll explore the history of magical practices and discover how modern-day witches, brujas, and Hoodoo practitioners are reclaiming the label.

Introduction: Religion or Magic? 00:00
What is Magic? 00:49
Western Ideas of Magic 02:27
Hurston & Hoodoo 06:28
Magic & Rationality 08:38
Magic in Established Religions 09:27
Reclaiming Magic 10:33
Review & Credits 11:21

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Stoichiometry - Chemistry for Massive Creatures: Crash Course Chemistry #6

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Chemists need stoichiometry to make the scale of chemistry more understandable - Hank is here to explain why and to teach us how to use it.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel: https://youtu.be/dZoMgEhNKKg

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Atomic Mass Units 2:24
Moles 5:12
Molar Mass 5:59
Equation Balancing 8:45
Molar Ratios 11:11

Resources:
http://www.chemistry.oregonstate.edu/courses/ch121-3s/ch121/Answers%20to%20interesting%20questions/history_of_the_atomic_mass_unit.htm
http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html

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The Infinite Stories of Hinduism: Crash Course Religions #5

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What does it mean to be Hindu? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn about the surprising history of the term “Hindu,” what the word “karma” really means, and how this vast, sprawling tradition contains more than one version of a story.

Introduction: Hindu Celebrations 00:00
Hindu Creation Stories 00:37
Where Does "Hindu" Come From? 01:31
Hindu Storytelling 02:38
The Hindu Pantheon 04:53
Hindu Terminology 06:33
Hindu Practices 09:19
Hinduism Across the Globe 10:07
Review & Credits 10:45

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Who Won the American Revolution?: Crash Course US History #7

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution. And the Revolutionary War. I know we've labored the point here, but they weren't the same thing. In any case, John will teach you about the major battles of the war, and discuss the strategies on both sides. Everyone is familiar with how this war played out for the Founding Fathers; they got to become the Founding Fathers. But what did the revolution mean to the common people in the United States? For white, property-owning males, it was pretty sweet. They gained rights that were a definite step up from being British Colonial citizens. For everyone else, the short-term gains were not clear. Women's rights were unaffected, and slaves remained in slavery. As for poor white folks, they remained poor and disenfranchised. The reality is it took a long time for this whole democracy thing to get underway, and the principles of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness weren't immediately available to all these newly minted Americans.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Declaration of Independence not only initiated America's Revolutionary War but also laid the groundwork for some core principles of the new country: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-declaration-of-independence
Many of the ideas in the Declaration of Independence came from political theorist John Locke's Political Society: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/political-society

Learn more about the American Revolution in these other Crash Course videos:
Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: Crash Course World History #28: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw
The American Revolution: Crash Course Black American History #8: https://youtu.be/y75yPx9WKHY

Chapters:
Introduction: The American Revolution 00:00
The Battles of the American War for Independence 1:15
Colonists and the American Revolutionary War 2:50
Slaves and the American Revolutionary War 3:41
Native Americans and the American Revolutionary War 4:32
Women and the American Revolutionary War 5:36
'Revolutionary' Ideas: Voting Rights 6:17
'Revolutionary' Ideas: Religious Freedom 6:47
How the American Revolution Affected the Economy 7:16
Mystery Document 7:44
Slavery and Hypocrisy in the American Colonies 8:54
American Ideals of Equality 11:13
Credits 12:12

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Life, the Universe, and the Buddha: Crash Course Religions #6

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Getting stuck in a video game can be frustrating—especially when that game is the cycle of suffering. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll explore the ways Buddhists try to leave that suffering behind and reach enlightenment, using the teachings of the Buddha, the three jewels, the four noble truths, and the eightfold path.

Introduction: Game Over 00:00
Buddhist Beliefs 00:38
The Buddha 02:01
The Dharma 04:43
The Sangha 08:16
Review & Credits 10:14

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Electron: Crash Course Chemistry #5

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank brings us the story of the electron and describes how reality is a kind of music, discussing electron shells and orbitals, electron configurations, ionization and electron affinities, and how all these things can be understood via the periodic table.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/N5apS0tE67c

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Snobby Scientists 00:43
Great Dane/Bohr Model 01:57
Electrons as Music 04:13
Electron Shells and Orbitals 04:44
Electron Configurations 05:54
Ionization and Electron Affinities 08:17
Periodic Table 10:18

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Can a River Be A Person? | Indigenous Traditions: Crash Course Religions #7

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What does it mean for a river to be a person? An ancestor, even? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn how Indigenous religious traditions’ emphasis on place, kinship, and diverse spirits challenge the dominant assumptions of the Western worldview.

Introduction: The Whanganui River 00:00
Indigenous Religion? 00:55
Indigenous Beliefs 03:27
Kinship 05:18
The Importance of Place 06:24
Law & Resistance 07:27
Review & Credits 10:37

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Taxes and Smuggling - Prelude to Revolution: Crash Course US History #6

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the roots of the American Revolution. The Revolution did not start on July 4, 1776. The Revolutionary War didn't start on July 4 either. (as you remember, I'm sure, the Revolution and the Revolutionary War are not the same thing) The shooting started on April 19, 1775, at Lexington and/or Concord, MA. Or the shooting started with the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. At least we can pin down the Declaration of Independence to July 4, 1776. Except that most of the signers didn't sign until August 2. The point is that the beginning of the Revolution is very complex and hard to pin down. John will lead you through the bramble of taxes, royal decrees, acts of parliament, colonial responses, and various congresses. We'll start with the end of the Seven Years' War, and the bill that the British ran up fighting the war. This led to taxes on colonial trade, which led to colonists demanding representation, which led to revolution. It all seems very complicated, but Crash Course will get you through it in about 12 minutes.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Many events paved the road to American Independence from England: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-road-to-american-independence
England’s taxation on American colonists led to the famous 1773 Boston Tea Party: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death-speech
And in 1775, Patrick Henry delivered a speech that rallied Virginias to form a militia against Britain: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/a-participant-s-first-hand-account-of-the-boston-tea-party

Chapters:
Introduction: The American Revolution 00:00
The End of the Seven Years War 0:36
Taxation in the American Colonies 1:47
The Stamp Act 2:22
The Townshend Acts 3:31
The Boston Massacre 4:22
The Boston Tea Party 4:54
The Intolerable Acts 5:47
The First Continental Congress 6:14
American Revolution =/= American War for Independence 7:35
Early Battles of the American Revolutionary War 7:58
Mystery Document 8:45
Thomas Paine's Common Sense 10:09
Credits 11:47

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What Does it Mean to Be Jewish: Crash Course Religions #8

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What does it mean to be Jewish? Is it being part of a religion, a people, a culture, a nation? All of the above? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll uncover how Jewish identity has been shaped by centuries of debate and deliberation.

Introduction: Shabbat Toothbrushes 00:00
The Many Versions of Judaism 01:01
The Written Torah 03:49
Zionism 05:51
The Oral Torah & the Talmud 07:00
Branches of Judaism 09:46
Review & Credits 12:08

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank gives us a tour of the most important table ever, including the life story of the obsessive man who championed it, Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table of elements is a concise, information-dense catalog of all of the different sorts of atoms in the universe, and it has a wealth of information to tell us if we can learn to read it.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/AmOl0v_3jsc

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Dmitri Mendeleev - 0:45
Mendeleev's Organization of the Periodic Table - 2:31
Relationships in the Periodic Table - 5:03
Why Mendeleev Stood Out from his Colleagues - 7:09
How the Periodic Table Could be Improved - 8:28

More info about the cylindrical periodic table of elements: http://www.av8n.com/physics/periodic-table.htm

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Crash Course Political Theory Preview

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Political Theory! Over the next 13 episodes, Ellie Anderson will introduce you to the perspectives of political thinkers past and present, and explore how political theories apply to the most burning questions of our time. We’ll compare arguments, trace the origins of contemporary theories, and develop the skills to discuss, disagree, and decide what we want society to be.

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening: Crash Course US History #5

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the beginnings of the American Revolution in a video titled The Seven Years War. Confusing? Maybe. John argues that the Seven Years' War, which is often called the French and Indian War in the US, laid a lot of the groundwork for the Revolution. More confusing? Why does this war have two names? Why were the French and Indians fighting each other? The Seven Years' war was actually a global war that went on for nine years. I think I'm having trouble making this clear. Anyway, the part of this global war that happened in North America was the French and Indian War. The French and Indian tribes were the force opposing the British, so that's the name that stuck. Let's get away from this war, as it makes my head hurt. Other stuff was going on in the colonies in the 18th century that primed the people for revolution. One was the Great Awakening. A religious revival was sweeping the country, introducing new ideas about religion and how it should be practiced. At the same time, thinkers like John Locke were rethinking the relationship between rulers and the ruled. So in this highly charged atmosphere, you can just imagine what would happen if the crown started trying to exert more control over the colonies. The colonists would probably just rise up, right? We'll see what happens next week.

Read the Mystery Document in its entirety in the Minutes of the Provincial Province of Pennsylvania Vol. IX: https://bit.ly/3jxHcrc

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Learn about how the European struggle for dominance throughout the French and Indian War impacted natives in North America: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/french-and-indian-war

Still curious? Watch this other Crash Course video!
The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0

Chapters:
Introduction: The Seven Years War 00:00
Causes of the Seven Years War 0:32
Mercantilism in the American Colonies 1:14
Slave Labor in the American Colonies 1:46
French vs British Tensions Rise 2:09
The Battles of the Seven Years War 3:27
Outcomes of the Seven Years War 4:43
Mystery Document 5:35
Pontiac's Rebellion and the Proclamation Line 6:57
Republicanism & Liberalism in the American Colonies 7:42
The Great Awakening 8:37
Anti-Authority Sentiments in the American Colonies 9:44
Credits 10:11

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Sacrifice, Redemption, and Miracles: The Story of Christianity: Crash Course Religions #9

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Christianity isn’t just about Jesus. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we explore the many faces of the world’s most popular religion—its denominations, commonalities, and complexities.

Introduction: Do Miracles Matter? 00:00
Demographics & Denominations 01:48
Pentecostalism 03:06
Christian Commonalities 05:19
Jesus 08:32
Review & Credits 11:04

John's favorite joke is by Emo Phillips and used with love.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Creation of Chemistry - The Fundamental Laws: Crash Course Chemistry #3

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Today's Crash Course Chemistry takes a historical perspective on the creation of the science, which didn't really exist until a super-smart, super-wealthy Frenchman put the puzzle pieces together - Hank tells the story of how we went from alchemists to chemists, who understood the law of conservation of mass as proposed by a decapitated aristocrat, and explains how we came to have a greater understanding of how chemical compounds work and eventually a complete understanding of what atoms and molecules are.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://youtu.be/HxDjcseTj6s

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Alchemists to Chemists 01:07
Law of Conservation of Mass 03:25
Decapitated Aristocrat 04:11
Chemical Compounds 05:44
Atoms and Molecules 06:07:1

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Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

A government by the people, for the people sounds like a good idea. But is democracy really all it’s cracked up to be? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll learn democracy has had its fair share of critics, past and present. And even those in favor of the idea don’t necessarily agree on what democracy should be.

Crash Course Political Theory #1

Introduction: Democracy or Tyranny 00:00
Critiquing Democracy 00:34
The History of Democracy 02:33
Forms of Democracy 03:13
Challenges of Democracy 05:47
Radical Democracy & Agonism 08:27
Review & Credits 11:03

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies: Crash Course US History #4

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about some of the colonies that were not in Virginia or Massachusetts. Old New York was once New Amsterdam. Why they changed it, I can say; ENGLISH people just liked it better that way, and when the English took New Amsterdam in 1643, that's just what they did. Before the English got there though, the colony was full of Dutch people who treated women pretty fairly and allowed free Black people to hold jobs. John also discusses Penn's Woods, also known as Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was (briefly) a haven of religious freedom, and William Penn dealt relatively fairly with the natives his colony displaced. Of course, as soon as Penn died, the colonist started abusing the natives immediately. We venture as far south as the Carolina colonies, where the slave labor economy was taking shape. John also takes on the idea of the classless society in America, and the beginning of the idea of the American dream. It turns out that in spite of the lofty dream that everyone had an equal shot in the new world, there were elites in the colonies. And these elites tended to be in charge. And then their kids tended to take over when they died. So yeah, not quite an egalitarian paradise. In addition to all this, we get into the Salem Witch Trials, the treatment of women in the colonies, and colonial economics. Oh yeah, one more thing, before you comment about how he says we're talking about the American Revolution next week, but the end screen says Seven Years War, consider that perhaps the Seven Years War laid the groundwork for the revolution to happen.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
New Amsterdam Becomes New York 0:55
Pennsylvania and the Quakers 2:05
South Carolina 3:37
Mystery Document 4:08
Bacon's Rebellion 5:14
The Dominion of New England and The Tolerance Act 6:17
The Salem Witch Trials 7:31
Colonial American Economics 8:05
Colonial American Society 9:11
Women's Roles in Colonial America 9:51
Credits 11:05

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The History and Practice of Islam on Earth and Beyond: Crash Course Religions #10

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Many Muslims believe it’s their religious duty to pray five times a day in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca. But how do they do it in space? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we dig into the beliefs, pillars, and spread of Islam, from the astronomers who charted stars hundreds of years ago to the Malaysian astronaut who took his faith to space.

Introduction: Religion in Space 00:00
Muhammad 01:59
Branches of Islam & the Golden Age 04:38
Islamic Beliefs 06:14
Islamic Practice & the Five Pillars 07:50
Review & Credits 10:37

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Unit Conversion and Significant Figures: Crash Course Chemistry #2

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

A unit is a frequently arbitrary designation we have given to something to convey a definite magnitude of a physical quantity and every quantity can be expressed in terms of the seven base units that are contained in the international system of units. Hank thinks this is a thrilling subject, and while you may not agree, it is a subject that is very important if you want to be a scientist and communicate with accuracy and precision with other scientists. So listen up and learn something or Hank might have to kill you! (NOT REALLY!)

Watch this video in Spanish on our new Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/aMrxhohbkVA

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Unit Conversion 02:27
Scientific Notation 03:26
Sig Figs 07:40

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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What Does Liberalism Mean?

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Liberty and the rights of individuals form the backbone of American politics. But what is “liberty” anyway? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we learn the fundamentals of Classical Liberalism and how 17th-century philosophers impact politics today.

Crash Course Political Theory #2

Introduction: Is Democracy Broken? 00:00
Classical Liberalism 00:37
Modern Liberalism 04:03
Negative & Positive Liberty 07:02
Liberalism & Identity 09:53
Review & Credits 11:28

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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The Natives and the English - Crash Course US History #3

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about relations between the early English colonists and the Native people they encountered in the New World. In short, these relations were poor. As soon as they arrived, the English were in conflict with the native people. At Jamestown, Captain John Smith briefly managed to get the colony on pretty solid footing with the local tribes, but it didn't last, and a long series of wars with the natives ensued. This pattern would continue in US history, with settlers pushing into native lands and pushing the inhabitants further west. In this episode, you'll learn about Wahunsunacawh (who the English called Powhatan), his daughter Pocahontas, King Philip's (aka Metacom) War, and the Mystic Massacre. By and large, the history of the Natives and the English was not a happy one, even Thanksgiving wasn't all it's cracked up to be.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The English tried and failed for a decade to establish a foothold in the New World in Native territory, leading to the lost colony of Roanoke: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/settling-a-new-world-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke-island
When Jamestown was finally established in Virginia in 1607, the local Powhatan tribes sought friendly relations with the settlers, which quickly deteriorated: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/chief-powhatan-s-address-to-captain-john-smith

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Native Americans' Relationship to English Settlers 0:28
Trade Between Europeans and Natives 1:36
Pochahontas 2:23
Conflict, Uprisings, and the Failure of the Virginia Company 3:10
The Puritans' Relationship with Native Americans 4:21
The Pequot War 5:45
King Phillip's War 6:35
Mystery Document 8:24
How Native Americans Resisted Colonization 9:49
Credits 10:54

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Religions of the African Diaspora: Crash Course Religions #11

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

African religions include Islam and Christianity, but also hundreds of diverse and complex indigenous religions. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we explore those traditions and how, when forced intro adaption-mode as a result of the slave trade, they became a unique blend of cultural influences in the African diaspora.

Introduction: Vodou 00:00
Africa & the African Diaspora 01:01
Orisa-Vodun 02:20
Islam & Christianity 03:51
African Indigenous Cosmology 04:40
Rituals & Festivals 06:31
Creation Stories 08:39
Review & Credits 10:08

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank does his best to convince us that chemistry is not torture, but is instead the amazing and beautiful science of stuff. Chemistry can tell us how three tiny particles - the proton, neutron, and electron - come together in trillions of combinations to form ... everything. In this inaugural episode of Crash Course Chemistry, we start out with one of the biggest ideas in chemistry ever - stuff is made from atoms. More specifically, we learn about the properties of the nucleus and why they are important to defining what an atom actually is.

This video is available in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! Watch it here: https://youtu.be/G7wUMpsB5k8

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Intro 00:00
Einstein & Atoms 02:05
Composition of Atoms 03:18
Atomic Number 04:20
Isotopes 08:04
Relative Atomic Mass 07:26
Mass Number 07:44

Watch the SciShow episodes on the Strong Nuclear Force here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNDOSMqGLlg

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Identity politics: the good, the bad, and the… hotly contested

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Should our government ignore our identities or focus on them? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll explore the role identity plays in politics and government, from affirmative action to white backlash, and ask, “What is fair?”

Crash Course Political Theory #3

Introduction: Affirmative Action 00:00
The Social Contract 00:57
Critiques of the Social Contract 2:40
Equal Opportunity 4:39
Critiques of Identity Politics 7:57
A Politics of Difference 9:34
Review & Credits 10:32

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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When is Thanksgiving? Colonizing America: Crash Course US History #2

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the (English) colonies in what is now the United States. He covers the first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the various theocracies in Massachusetts, the feudal kingdom in Maryland, and even a bit about the spooky lost colony at Roanoke Island. What were the English doing in America, anyway? Lots of stuff. In Virginia, the colonists were largely there to make money. In Maryland, the idea was to create a colony for Catholics who wanted to be serfs of the Lords Baltimore. In Massachusetts, the Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to find a place where they could freely persecute those who didn't share their beliefs. But there was a healthy profit motive in Massachusetts as well. Profits were thin at first, and so were the colonists. Trouble growing food and trouble with the Natives kept the early colonies from success. Before long though, the colonists started cultivating tobacco, which was a win for everyone involved if you ignore the lung cancer angle. So kick back, light up a smoke, and learn how America became profitable. DON'T SMOKE, THOUGH! THAT WAS A JOKE!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Modern Native Americans have varied perspectives on Thanksgiving and the start of European colonization in America. Chuck Larsen's Plymouth Thanksgiving Story reveals a new native and anthropological take on the famous first Thanksgiving meal: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-plymouth-thanksgiving-story

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Jamestown, Virginia: The First Successful English Colony 0:43
The Headright System, Indentured Servants, and Slavery in Jamestown 2:20
Tobacco Plantations in the Virginia Colony 3:10
Class Structure in the Virginia Colony 3:54
The Maryland Colony 4:38
The Massachusetts Bay Colony 5:07
Pilgrims, the Mayflower, and the First Thanksgiving 5:27
Governance in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 7:25
Mystery Document 8:01
"City on a Hill" 9:20
Equality and Representation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 9:50
Credits 11:53

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Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism: Chinese Popular Religion

Sun, 07 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

A large proportion of Chinese people believe in a god—yet most report they don’t belong to any religion. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn about two of the Three Teachings of China—Confucianism and Daoism—and explore why Chinese religious practice is much more fluid than the question “What religion do you follow?”

Introduction: A Ghostly Unboxing 00:00
The Ghost Festival 1:29
Religion in China 2:43
Confucianism 4:02
Daoism 7:39
Chinese Popular Religion 10:47
Review & Credits 11:44

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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The Black Legend, Native Americans, and Spaniards: Crash Course US History #1

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green kicks off Crash Course US History! Why, you may ask, are we covering US History, and not more World History, or the history of some other country, or the very specific history of your home region? Well, the reasons are many. But, like it or not, the United States has probably meddled in your country to some degree in the last 236 years or so, and that means US History is relevant all over the world. In episode 1, John talks about the Native Americans who lived in what is now the US prior to European contact. This is a history class, not archaeology, so we're mainly going to cover written history. That means we start with the first sustained European settlement in North America, and that means the Spanish. The Spanish have a long history with the natives of the Americas, and not all of it was positive. The Spanish were definitely not peaceful colonizers, but what colonizers are peaceful? Colonization pretty much always results in an antagonistic relationship with the locals. John teaches you about early Spanish explorers, settlements, and what happened when they didn't get along with the indigenous people. The story of their rocky relations has been called the Black Legend. Which is not a positive legend.

Chapters:
Introduction to Crash Course US History 00:00
Native North Americans 0:45
Were Native North Americans 'Primitive?' 1:08
Native North American Populations 1:52
Life in Pre-Columbian America 3:06
Class and Society in Native American Tribes 4:25
Spanish Colonization in North America 5:32
Mystery Document 7:58
The Problem with the Black Legend 9:31
Credits 10:46

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Is Atheism a Religion?: Crash Course Religions #13

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Atheism is far from new, but the various ways that people say “no thank you” to belief in gods, deities, or particular religions are so diverse that they’ve had a huge impact on world belief systems. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we break down the different flavors of atheism and nonbelief and ask the question, “Is atheism a religion?”

Introduction: Is God Dead? 00:00
The History of Atheism 1:13
Atheism Today 3:17
To Believe or Not to Believe? 4:20
Atheism Around the World 5:29
Atheism as Critique 7:02
Qualities of Religion & Atheism 8:15
Review & Credits 10:17

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Ryan Lueckenotte, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , UwU, Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Vaso , ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Crash Course Biology and Ecology Outtakes

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Things don't always go as planned in the studio - to everyone's enjoyment, except Hank's.

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What Are the Rules of War? Just War Theory

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Is war ever justified, and how could we tell if it were? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we tackle Just War Theory through the lens of one of the most contentious conflicts in the past few decades: the Iraq War.

Crash Course Political Theory #4

Introduction: The Iraq War 00:00
Just War Theory 0:56
Just Cause & Intention 1:43
Nationhood & Success 4:26
Proportionality & the Last Resort 5:38
Jus in Bello 7:30
Challenges to Just War Theory 9:54
Review & Credits 11:13

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Ryan Lueckenotte, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , UwU, Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Vaso , ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Before I Got My Eye Put Out - The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: Crash Course English Literature #8

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green concludes the Crash Course Literature mini-series with an examination of the poetry of Emily Dickinson. Sure, John explores the creepy biographical details of Dickinson's life, but he also gets into why her poems have remained relevant over the decades. John discusses Dickinson's language, the structure of her work, and her cake recipes. He also talks about Dickinson's famously eccentric punctuation, which again ends up relating to her cake recipes. Also, Dickinson's coconut cake recipe is included. Also, here are links to some of the poems discussed in the video:

Faith is a Fine Invention: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/177763
I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I Died: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174972
Before I Got My Eye Put Out: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/182805

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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How Do Religious Texts Work?: Crash Course Religions #14

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Sacred texts mean different things to different religions—sometimes they’re essential to belief and practice, and other times, not much importance is placed on them at all. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we dive into the different ways religious texts are used, debated, and venerated across various traditions.

Introduction: The Religious Leader Boys' Club 00:00
Religious Texts as Historical Documents 0:48
Negotiating Religious Texts 4:20
The Bible & The Qur'an 6:42
Daoist, Hindu & Sikh Texts 8:35
Review & Credits 10:02

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Ryan Lueckenotte, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , UwU, Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Vaso , ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Crash Course Ecology #12

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Hank wraps up Crash Course Ecology by taking a look at the growing fields of conservation biology and restoration ecology, which use all the moves we've learned about in the past eleven weeks, and applies them to protecting ecosystems and to cleaning up the messes that we've already made.

Table of Contents
1) Types of Diversity 3:00
2) Conservation Biology 4:12
A) Small Population Conservation 4:26
B) Declining Population Conservation 5:50
3) Restoration Ecology 7:06
A) Structural Restoration 7:30
B) Bioremediation 7:48
C) Biological Augmentation 8:03

References:
http://www.envirocon.com/capabilities/projects/milltown.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milltown_Reservoir_Superfund_Site
http://www.montanariveraction.org/milltown.dam.html
http://www.fs.fed.us/cnpz/forest/documents/sup_docs/sust_ecol_sustn_intro.htm
http://agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory65.html

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What does Machiavellian mean?

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What if a person is a good leader… and a bad person? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we unpack that idea through the lens of Machiavelli’s famous treatise, “The Prince,” and find more questions than answers.

Crash Course Political Theory #5

Introduction: "Bad" Politicians 00:00
Machiavelli 1:06
"The Prince" 2:32
Henry Kissinger 6:17
Politics & Morality 9:04
Review & Credits 11:52

***
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Holden, JD, and the Red Cap - The Catcher in the Rye Part 2: Crash Course English Literature #7

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John continues the discussion of JD Salinger's Catcher in the Rye. This week John reads the novel with Salinger's life story in mind. John explores how Salinger's war experience, educational background, and romantic life inform the events of Holden Caulfield's life. How did Holden get to be such a whiny, self-absorbed teen? While it's not a great idea to read novels too biographically, Salinger's life surely informed Holden's. Watch on to get an idea of just how much.

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What Does Ritual Have to Do with Religion?: Crash Course Religions #15

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Rituals aren’t meaningless actions. They can mark time and space, create new identities, and connect people to something bigger than themselves. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we explore the rituals that shape our lives—whether religious or not.

Introduction: Prayer & Public Speaking 00:00
What Is Ritual? 1:10
Why Do Rituals Matter? 3:38
Ritual, Belonging, & Authority 5:02
Ritual as Protest 8:22
Review & Credits 10:30

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Ryan Lueckenotte, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , UwU, Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Vaso , ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Pollution: Crash Course Ecology #11

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Hank talks about the last major way humans are impacting the environment in this penultimate episode of Crash Course Ecology. Pollution takes many forms - from the simplest piece of litter to the more complex endocrine disruptors - and ultimately, humans are responsible for it all.

Table of Contents
1) Natural Compounds 01:12:1
a) Carbon 01:35
b) Nitrogen and Phosphorous 02:11:2
c) Cyanide 04:05
d) Mercury 05:15
e) Sulfur & Nitrogen Dioxide 05:58

2) Synthetic Compounds 06:51
a) Endocrine Disruptors 07:09

References:
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/index.html
http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/pollution-affect-living-things-including-humans-2193.html
http://news.wustl.edu/news/pages/20916.aspx
http://www.epa.gov/mercury/about.htm
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/index.html
http://www.ngo.grida.no/wwfneap/Publication/briefings/Fish.pdf
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm

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Who Was Karl Marx? And Why Is Everyone Still Talking About Him?

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

To some, Marxism is the solution to all capitalism’s problems. To others, it’s a major threat to democracy. But what did Karl Marx really say about capitalism and communism, and how can that help shape our discussions today?

Crash Course Political Theory #6

Introduction: "The Specter of Communism" 00:00
Who Was Marx 0:37
The Problem of Capitalism 4:17
The Mondragon Corporation 6:22
The Proletariat Revolution 8:04
Critiquing Marx 10:04
Review & Credits 11:41

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Language, Voice, and Holden Caulfield - The Catcher in the Rye Part 1: CC English Literature #6

Wed, 03 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In which John Green examines JD Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye. John pulls out the old-school literary criticism by examining the text itself rather than paying attention to the biographical or historical context of the novel (that's for next week). Listen, words matter. The Catcher in the Rye has managed to endure without a movie adaptation because a lot of its quality arises from the book's language. Find out how Holden's voice, his language, and his narrative technique combine to make the novel work. Also, Thought Bubble gives us a quick rundown of the plot, in which Ikea Monkey may or may not appear.

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A World Without Governments? Anarchism Explained

Wed, 03 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The word anarchy is synonymous with chaos, but what does it mean to political theorists? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we explore the theories and practices of anarchism.

Crash Course Political Theory #7

Introduction: 00:00
What Is Anarchy 0:42
Classical Anarchy 3:28
Collectivism 4:54
Anarchist Communism 5:39
Modern Anarchy 6:39
Review & Credits 10:30

Special thanks to Chris Boland for the use of his portrait of Rebecca Solnit / www.chrisboland.com

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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5 Human Impacts on the Environment: Crash Course Ecology #10

Wed, 03 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Hank gives the rundown on the top five ways humans are negatively impacting the environment and having detrimental effects on the valuable ecosystem services which a healthy biosphere provides.

Table of Contents
Ecosystem Services 00:51
The Importance of Biodiversity 04:07
Deforestation 06:42
Desertification 06:49
Global Warming 07:59
Invasive Species 08:51
Overharvesting 09:20

Crash Course/SciShow videos referenced in this episode:
Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHy-Y_8nRs
Ecological Succession: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZKIHe2LDP8
Climate Change: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2Jxs7lR8ZI
Invasive Species: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDOwTXobJ3k
Food Shortage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPLJP84xL9A

References:
http://www.fs.fed.us/ecosystemservices/About_ES/index.shtml
http://www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org/overview5.html
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html

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Who Speaks for a Religion?: Crash Course Religions #16

Wed, 03 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From priests to imams, from rabbis to gurus, religious leaders play a big role in shaping religions today. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll dig into what makes a religious leader and how people can take the power back.

Introduction: Christian Influencers 00:00
Charismatic Leaders 0:56
Santa Muerte 3:12
Religious Hierarchy 5:22
Religious Authority 7:04
Lived Religion 9:07
Review & Credits 10:53

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Always Recycle! Part 2 - Crash Course Ecology #9

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank describes the desperate need many organisms have for nutrients (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus) and how they go about getting them via the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.

Table of Contents:
Nitrogen Cycle 1:46
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria 2:32
Nitrifying Bacteria 3:24
Denitrifying Bacteria 4:34
Phosphorous Cycle 5:16
Lithosphere 5:27
Plants 5:56
Animals 5:56
Decomposers 5:56
Aquatic & Marine Ecosystems 6:24
Sedimentation & Weathering 6:55
Synthetic Fertilizers 7:23

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What is Feminism, and Where Does it Go From Here?

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What does it mean to be a feminist in the 21st century? How have the movements that brought us here shaped the ways we understand feminist political theory? And, perhaps most importantly, what comes next?

Crash Course Political Theory #8

Being a Woman 00:00
Introduction to feminism 1:00
Early feminist movements 2:44
The patriarchy 4:48
Intersectionality 6:18
The future of feminism 9:52
Review and credits 11:08

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Crash Course World History Outtakes #3

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which we see outtakes from the last third of the Crash Course World History series.

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Death and Afterlife Across Religions: Crash Course Religions #17

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Everybody dies—and then what? In this episode of Crash Crash Religions, we’ll explore how religions around the world have formed answers to a question nobody knows the answer to. We’ll also discover how concepts of Heaven and Hell have changed over time.

Introduction: Welcome to Hell 00:00
Imagining the Afterlife 1:12
Early Jewish Beliefs 2:38
The Evolution of Hell 6:14
The Evolution of Heaven 8:46
Review & Credits 11:08

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, juliebear , Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: Always Recycle! - Crash Course Ecology #8

Mon, 01 Jun 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank introduces us to biogeochemical cycles by describing his two favorites: carbon and water. The hydrologic cycle describes how water moves on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by energy supplied by the sun and wind. The carbon cycle does the same... for carbon!

Table of Contents
1) Hydrologic Cycle - 1:15
A) Clouds - 2:13
B) Runoff - 3:06
C) Oceans - 3:41
D) Evapotranspiration - 4:25

2) Carbon Cycle - 5:12
A) Plants - 5:48
B) Fossil Fuels - 6:40
C) Oceans - 7:12
D) Global Warming - 7:35

References
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclecondensation.html
http://harvardmagazine.com/2002/11/the-ocean-carbon-cycle.html
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=95

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Political Cosmopolitanism

Mon, 01 Jun 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What do we owe other people? Are we just as obligated to help someone on the other side of the world as someone who lives across the street? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll explore the pros and cons of going global versus keeping it local in today’s world of politics.

Crash Course Political Theory #9

Introduction: Sweden & Immigration 00:00
The Global & The Local 1:05
The History of Cosmopolitanism 2:27
Challenges of Global Coalitions 5:42
Globalization 7:56
Cosmopolitanism Today 9:42
Review & Credits 12:09

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Was Gatsby Great? The Great Gatsby Part 2: Crash Course English Literature #5

Mon, 01 Jun 2026 11:03:00 -0000

SPOILER ALERT: This video assumes you've read the book.

In which John Green continues to explore F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby. In this installment, John looks into the titular Gatsby's purported Greatness. Gatsby's single-minded pursuit of Daisy, his checkered past, and his checkered present all play a role in determining whether he was, in fact, great. Here's a hint: you don't have to be good to be great. It turns out greatness doesn't have much to do with whether you're a good person. Along the way, John explores the relentless forward march of time, the use of poetic language, and the ironic titling of novels.

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Religion, Spirituality, and the Supernatural: Crash Course Religions #18

Mon, 01 Jun 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Angels, aliens, and ghosts—oh my! In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we figure out how the paranormal and supernatural shows up in our religions, and outside of them. If you or someone you know identifies as “spiritual but not religious,” this one’s for you.

Introduction: Spirits & Spirituality 00:00
Paranormal vs. Supernatural 0:48
"Spiritual but Not Religious" 3:08
Spiritual Practices & Culture 5:57
Ghosts & Lived Religion 8:57
Review & Credits 12:08

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain - Crash Course Ecology #7

Sun, 31 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.

Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47

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Philosophies of Punishment and The Prison Abolition Movement

Sun, 31 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The United States incarcerates more people than any other nation in the world, and people across the political spectrum are calling for a change. In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we unpack the arguments of the prison abolition movement and the history of how we got here.

Crash Course Political Theory #10

Introduction: The Prison Abolition Movement 00:00
Incarceration in the U.S. 0:38
Deterrence & Surveillance 1:20
Criminal Justice 4:07
Prison Abolition vs. Reform 7:14
Review & Credits 9:52

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Like Pale Gold - The Great Gatsby Part 1: Crash Course English Literature #4

Sun, 31 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green explores F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel of the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby. John introduces you to Nick Carraway, Jay Gatsby, Daisy and Tom Buchanan, and the other characters in the novel, and tries to look beyond the surface story to figure out what this thing is ABOUT. Set in the 1920s against a conflicted backdrop of prohibition and excess, The Great Gatsby takes a close look at the American Dream as it existed in Fitzgerald's time. It turns out, it had a lot to do with money and status, and it still does today. John will cover the rich symbolism of the novel, from the distant green light to the pale gold of wealth and decay. Also, Paris Hilton drops by.

Turn on the captions. You'll like it.

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Are Science and Religion Compatible?: Crash Course Religions #19

Sun, 31 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Religion and science have had some famously messy fights, but do they always have to be in conflict? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll look at some ways religion and science are more than just enemies.

Introduction: The Three Sisters 00:00
Earth's Age 0:55
Creation vs. Evolution 1:51
Galileo 3:45
The Conflict Thesis 5:53
Traditional Ecological Knowledge 8:32
Review & Credits 10:56

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Ecological Succession: Change is Good - Crash Course Ecology #6

Sat, 30 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

In the world of ecology, the only constant is change - but change can be good. Today Hank explains ecological succession and how ecological communities change over time to become beautiful, biodiverse mosaics.

Table of Contents
1. Primary Succession 1:56:1
2. Secondary Succession 3:36
3. Climax Community Model 5:11
4. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 7:25:1

Reference:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24155/

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Is Utopia Actually Possible?

Sat, 30 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Is utopia just too utopian? In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll explore visions of utopia from Plato to bell hooks. And we’ll investigate whether “the good place” is a good-for-nothing, impractical daydream—or a path to charting political futures.

Crash Course Political Theory #11

Introduction: EPCOT 00:00
Plato's "Republic" 1:03
Thomas More's "Utopia" 2:41
Marxism & Critiquing Utopia 4:59
Libertarianism 7:08
Progressive Utopias 8:27
Review & Credits 9:49

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Love or Lust? Romeo and Juliet Part 2: Crash Course English Literature #3

Sat, 30 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green returns to William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet to explore the themes of true love, lust, and whether Romeo and Juliet were truly, deeply in love, or they were just a pair of impetuous teens. How exactly did Romeo manage to go from pining for Rosaline to marrying Juliet in 36 hours? Maybe they were impetuous teens who were ALSO deeply in love. John looks into how the structure and conventions of society in medieval Verona led to the star-crossed lovers' downfall. Along the way, you'll learn about courtly love, medieval responsibility to church, family, and society, Chipotle burritos as a metaphor for true love, and even learn about literary sex. We may even tie in trapeze artists and Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody. You'll have to watch to find out.

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What Do Sex and Gender Have to Do with Religion?: Crash Course Religions #20

Sat, 30 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

How many genders are there? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn how religious communities construct ideas about sex, gender, and sexuality, and why these concepts aren’t as timeless or unchanging as they might seem.

Introduction: Hijra 00:00
Defining Terms 0:57
Gender & Religion 1:48
Gender & Christianity 4:41
Gender & Sacred Texts 6:46
Dr. amina wadud & Muslim Prayer 8:05
Hajar 9:31
Review & Credits 11:41

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Community Ecology II: Predators - Crash Course Ecology #5

Fri, 29 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank gets to the more violent part of community ecology by describing predation and the many ways prey organisms have developed to avoid it.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Herbivory and Parasitism 1:43
Predatory Adaptation 3:39
Cryptic Coloration 4:25
Mullerian Mimicry 5:43
Batesian Mimicry 6:38

Resources:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37hHBgaZymo&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGAeRWwQ2mA
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/predation-herbivory-and-parasitism-13261134
http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/co-evolution/pred-prey/co-evolution_predator.html
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/birds/hawk-info1.htm
http://www.animalport.com/animals/Antelopes.html
http://largestfastestsmartest.co.uk/animals-with-the-best-sense-of-hearing-in-the-world/
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0901_050901_wormparasite.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/06/science/06hopp.html
http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/horsehairworm.shtml
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0007939.html
http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/amphibians/salamanders-and-newts/salamandra-salamandra
http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/BATE1825.htm
http://www.strangescience.net/bates.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/naturalists/henry-walter-bates-info.htm
http://www.reptilechannel.com/snakes/venomous-snakes/coral-snakes.aspx
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mimicry.html

Thanks to the Boone and Crockett Club for letting us film the introduction to this video in their headquarters here in Missoula: http://www.boone-crockett.org/about/about_headquarters.asp?area=about

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Should Art Be Political?

Fri, 29 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Art and politics may seem like mortal enemies, but they’re more like best frenemies forever. In this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we take a trip back in time to see how artists have shaped political perceptions and how politicians have tried and failed to stop them.

Crash Course Political Theory #12

Introduction: Barbie & Beyoncé 00:00
Art & Plato 0:57
Art & the Nazi Regime 3:07
Committed Art 5:51
Autonomous Art 8:03
Confederate Statues 9:21
Review & Credits 11:29

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Of Pentameter and Bear Baiting - Romeo and Juliet Part 1: Crash Course English Literature #2

Fri, 29 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green examines Romeo & Juliet by William Shakespeare. John delves into the world of Bill Shakespeare's famous star-crossed lovers and examines what the play is about, its structure, and the context in which it was written. Have you ever wanted to know what iambic pentameter is? Then you should watch this video. Have you ever pondered what kind of people actually went to see a Shakespeare play in 1598? Watch this video. Were you aware that wherefore means "why?" Whether you were or not, watch this video. In Shakespeare's time, entertainment choices ranged from taking in a play to watching a restrained bear try to fight off a pack of dogs. Today on YouTube, our entertainment choices are just as wide-ranging. So you can either choose to watch the modern equivalent of bear-baiting (another cinnamon challenge) or you can be edified and entertained by John and Crash Course. So wherefore are you reading this description instead of watching the video?

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What Does Race Have to Do with Religion?: Crash Course Religions #21

Fri, 29 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

While race and religion may seem separate, they are inextricably linked. In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll unpack racism’s roots in religious colonialism, its presence in Indigenous boarding schools, and its effects on our world today.

Introduction: Indian Residential Schools 00:00
What Is Race? 0:46
Racism 2:02
Race & Religion 3:46
The Doctrine of Discovery 4:42
Anti-Muslim Racism 6:29
Reconciling with Indigenous Peoples 8:23
Review & Credits 10:34

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Ryan Lueckenotte, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Pietro Gagliardi, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Community Ecology: Feel the Love - Crash Course Ecology #4

Thu, 28 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Interactions between species are what define ecological communities, and community ecology studies these interactions anywhere they take place. Although interspecies interactions are mostly competitive, competition is pretty dangerous, so a lot of interactions are actually about side-stepping direct competition and instead finding ways to divvy up resources to let species get along. Feel the love?

Table of Contents
1) Competitive Exclusion Principle 2:02
2) Fundamental vs. Realized Niche 3:48
3) Eco-lography / Resource Partitioning 5:25
4) Character Displacement 7:29
5) Mutualism 9:15
6) Commensalism 9:55

References
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/competitive_exclusion_principle.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbRPDGikcnc
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/animations/gause.swf
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/e/ecological_niche.htm
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/MacArthur.html
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1383283?uid=3739960&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101174112437
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent591k/symbiosis.html
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Community_ecology
http://livingseas.org/2011/01/22/killer-whales-stalk-greys/
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/beaches/pool.html
http://www.visitolympicpeninsula.org/tidepools.html
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.mi.04.100150.000413?journalCode=micro
http://eol.org/pages/484359/overview
http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/IntroductiontoSeaAnemones.html
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/symbiosis.html
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2012/03/13/hermit-crab-moves-inside-a-living-sea-anemone-using-it-like-a-shell/
http://sites.sinauer.com/ecology2e/webext11.1.html
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.es.06.110175.000245

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The Power of Political Recognition

Thu, 28 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Is recognition really enough? In our final episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll explore this concept, from its 19th-century philosophical origins to modern-day Native land acknowledgements.

Crash Course Political Theory #13

Introduction: Recognizing Palestine 00:00
Hegel & Recognition 1:55
Fanon & Decolonial Theory 4:54
Axel Honneth & Charles Taylor 6:10
Redistribution & Reparations 10:01
Review & Credits 12:58

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Crash Course World History Outtakes Part II

Thu, 28 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which hilarity ensues on the set of Crash Course World History.

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Visions of the End of the World: Crash Course Religions #22

Thu, 28 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

It’s the end of the world as we know it. Or is it? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we explore end-of-the-world predictions across time and faith traditions. It turns out that, more often than not, those predictions have been more about a group’s present problems than any future calamity.

Introduction: Fire and Ice 00:00
Apocalypticism 1:14
Revelation & Nero 3:53
Ragnarök 6:30
The Kali Yuga & the Mahdi 7:33
Unfulfilled Prophecies 9:12
Review & Credits 11:23

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Human Population Growth - Crash Course Ecology #3

Wed, 27 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

If being alive on Earth were a contest, humans would win it hands down. We're like the Michael Phelps of being alive but with 250,000 times more gold medals. Today, Hank is here to tell us the specifics of why and how human population growth has happened over the past hundred and fifty years or so, and how those specifics relate to ecology.

Table of Contents
1) R vs. K Selection Theory 01:41
2) Causes of Exponential Human Growth 03:24
3) Human Carrying Capacity 03:30
4) Ecological Footprints 06:40
5) Causes for Decline in Human Growth Rate 08:10

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What Does Religious Freedom Mean?: Crash Course Religions #23

Wed, 27 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

We might agree religious freedom is a good thing—but can we agree on what it really means? This episode of Crash Course Religions explores ongoing debates over where the limits of religious freedom lie. We’ll discover why this ideal enshrined as a constitutional right proves so tricky to apply in the real world.

Introduction: The Limits of Religious Freedom 00:00
History of Religious Freedom 1:34
Belief-Action Dichotomy 5:57
Compelling Interest 7:20
Religious Freedom Restoration Act 8:23
When Freedoms Clash 9:36
Review And Credits 11:33

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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How and Why We Read: Crash Course English Literature #1

Wed, 27 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini-series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.

Crash Course Literature 100 Reading List:
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Catcher in the Rye
Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Religions and Pop Culture: Crash Course Religions #24

Wed, 27 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Is Star Wars a religion? What about belief in UFOs or QAnon? In our final episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll explore how religion shapes pop culture, and pop culture shapes religion right back.

Introduction: Star Wars as Religion 00:00
Religion & Pop Culture 2:02
Representation 3:19
The Rapture 4:27
UFO Religions 5:15
Jediism 6:19
Hyperreal Religions 8:25
Review & Credits 10:03

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery - Crash Course Ecology #2

Tue, 26 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Population ecology is the study of groups within a species that interact mostly with each other, and it examines how they live together in one geographic area to understand why these populations are different in one time and place than they are in another. How is that in any way useful to anyone ever? Hank uses the example of the West Nile virus outbreak in Texas to show you in this episode of Crash Course: Ecology.

Table of Contents
1) Density & Dispersion 02:03
2) Population Growth 03:07
3) Limiting Factors 03:45
a) Density Dependent 06:16
b) Density Independent 07:11
4) Exponential & Logistical Growth 08:04
5) How to Calculate Growth Rate 09:33

References:
http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-west-nile-virus-20120817,0,2506584.story
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/arboviral/westnile/information/general/myths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/population-limiting-factors-17059572
Campbell Biology 9th ed.

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Crash Course Sex Ed Preview

Tue, 26 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Sex Ed! Over the course of 15 episodes, sexologist Shan Boodram will introduce you to the surprising, fascinating, wildly diverse, utterly normal realm of human sexuality. This series will explore the many dimensions of sex—from your body, to your personal identity, to the society around you—so you have the facts you need to make the right choices for you.

Course Description
In 15 episodes, sexologist Shan Boodram will teach you the ins and outs of sexual health. This series will explore sexual anatomy; identity and attraction; how society shapes our understanding of sexuality; and how to have safer sex.

By the end of this course, you will be able to:
- Reflect on the ways society shapes our understanding of sex, sexuality, and bodily autonomy
- Explain the functions of anatomy in terms of both reproduction and sexual response
- Describe the differences between sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression, and how our understanding of these aspects of identity continues to evolve
- Think critically about how sexual consent is communicated
- Describe how unintended pregnancy and STIs can be prevented
- Explore how we identify ourselves and others as sexual beings

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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What is sex?: Sex Ed #1

Tue, 26 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What even is sex? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll discover that variation is the name of the game when it comes to sexuality. People differ in how they have sex, why they have sex, and how they define what sex means.

Introduction: What Counts as "Doing It"? 00:00
Alfred Kinsey 0:57
The Three-Layer Cake 2:34
The Role of Culture 3:54
Reasons for "Doing It" 5:48
Why Does This Matter? 7:14
Review & Credits 8:51

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org ): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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The History of Life on Earth - Crash Course Ecology #1

Mon, 25 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

With a solid understanding of biology on the small scale under our belts, it's time for the long view - for the next twelve weeks, we'll be learning how the living things that we've studied interact with and influence each other and their environments. Life is powerful, and in order to understand how living systems work, you first have to understand how they originated, developed, and diversified over the past 4.5 billion years of Earth's history. Hang on to your hats as Hank tells us the epic drama that is the history of life on Earth.

Table of Contents
1) Archaean & Proterozoic Eons 01:53
a) Protobionts 03:54
b) Prokaryotes 04:18
c) Eukaryotes 06:06

2) Phanerozoic Eon 06:42
a) Cambrian Explosion 06:49
b) Ordovician Period 07:36
c) Devonian Period 07:48
d) Carboniferous Period 08:13
e) Permian Period 09:10

References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823113436.htm
http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_06.html

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The Vulva and Vagina Explained: Sex Ed #2

Mon, 25 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Do you know the difference between the vulva and vagina? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we shine a spotlight on the Vagina and Co., dispelling a long history of shame and mystery to actually understand our bodies.

Introduction: Vulvas & Vaginas 00:00
Shame & Stigma 0:30
The Anatomy of the Vulva & Vagina 1:44
What's Normal? 3:41
The Vaginal Microbiome 6:23
Review & Credits 8:39

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/sexual-and-reproductive-anatomy/what-are-parts-female-sexual-anatomy

Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22469-vagina

Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/sexual-health-and-wellness/periods-and-vaginal-health

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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Globalization I - The Upside: Crash Course World History #41

Mon, 25 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about globalization, a subject so epic, so, um, global, it requires two videos. In this video, John follows the surprisingly complex path of a t-shirt as it crisscrosses the world before coming to rest on your doorstep, and eventually in your dresser. The story of the t-shirt and its manufacture in far-flung places like China, Guatemala, and India is a microcosm of what's going on in the global economy. Globalization is a bit of a mixed bag, and there have definitely been winners and losers along the way. In this episode, John will talk about some of the benefits that have come along with it. Next week, he'll get into some of the less-positive side effects of globalization.

Chapters:
Introduction: Globalization 00:00
Globalized Trade 0:55
The Journey of a T-Shirt 1:51
Government Regulation of Free Trade 3:11
International vs Domestic Manufacturing and Consumption 4:00
An Open Letter to Cookie Monster 5:06
The Effects of Global Capitalism 5:50
Migration & Globalized Culture 7:04
Why We Study History 9:08
Credits 11:18

Thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for the cotton footage! http://www.youtube.com/destinws2

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The Penis Explained: Sex Ed #3

Mon, 25 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Are penises as big of a deal as we think they are? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we break down the history, myths, and assumptions we’ve made about penises, from the “right” size to circumcision, and from erections to blue balls.

Introduction: Penises as Symbols 00:00
The Cultural History of Penises 0:34
The Anatomy of the Penis 2:41
Erections, Fractures, & Blue Balls 3:47
What's Normal? 6:03
Circumcision 7:59
Review & Credits 9:21

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/sexual-and-reproductive-anatomy/what-are-parts-male-sexual-anatomy

Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/9117-male-reproductive-system

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Ecology - Rules for Living on Earth: Crash Course Biology #40

Sun, 24 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank introduces us to ecology - the study of the rules of engagement for all of us earthlings - which seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way it does. The world is crammed with things, both animate and not, that have been interacting with each other all the time, every day, since life on this planet began, and these interactions depend mostly on just two things... Learn what they are as Crash Course Biology takes its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.

Can't wait to learn more about ecology? Good news! Crash Course Ecology has 12 episodes you can watch right here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3wP8v84uqs&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX

Table of Contents
1) Ecological Hierarchy 02:01:2
a) Population 02:12
b) Community 02:26:1
c) Ecosystem 02:50
d) Biome 03:22:1
e) Biosphere 03:51

2) Key Ecological Factors 04:07
a) Temperature 05:06:1
b) Water 05:37

3) Biome Type 06:03:1

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What is gender identity?: Sex Ed #4

Sun, 24 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What does it mean to transition? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the differences between sex and gender, and explore what it looks like when the gender assigned to a person doesn’t match who they really are.

Introduction: Being Transgender 00:00
Sexual Development 0:36
Gender Identity 2:54
Gender Norms 4:36
Transition & Trans Healthcare 6:07
Transness Today 9:23
Review & Credits 10:07

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

A resource for learning more about gender identity (Planned Parenthood) - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity

A resource for learning more about what "intersex" means (Cleveland Clinic) - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16324-intersex

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant: Crash Course World History #40

Sun, 24 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all. John brings you all this, plus pictures of Sea Monkeys. Sadly, they don't look anything like those awesome commercials in the comic books.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decolonization 00:00
What Happens When Empires Fall? 0:33
Post-WWII Decolonization 2:24
Decolonization in India 3:14
Mohandas K. Gandhi 3:47
An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers 5:43
Indonesian Nationalism 6:40
The End of Colonization in French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) 7:51
Gamal Abdul Nasser and Egyptian Nationalism 8:35
Decolonization in Central and Southern Africa 9:16
Credits 12:10

Resources:
The Columbia History of the 20th Century https://bit.ly/3xrdpZ9

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Unpacking Sexual Orientation: Sex Ed #5

Sun, 24 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Why do we like who we like? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we explore the many facets and variations of sexual orientation, and trace the history of homosexuality to the modern day LGBTQIA+ community.

Introduction: My First Crush 00:00
Sexual Orientation 0:41
The History of Sexual Orientation 2:02
Dr. Anonymous 2:59
Homosexuality & Genetics 4:42
Homosexuality & Evolution 5:42
The LGBTQIA+ Community 6:39
Review & Credits 8:59

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation
Cleveland Clinic - https://health.clevelandclinic.org/types-of-sexual-orientation
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/2488-questioning-your-sexuality-here-are-some-things-to-keep-in-mind

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Fungi: Death Becomes Them - CrashCourse Biology #39

Sat, 23 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Death is what fungi are all about. By feasting on the deceased remains of almost all organisms on the planet, converting the organic matter back into soil from which new life will spring, they perform perhaps the most vital function in the global food web. Fungi, which thrive on death, make all life possible.

Table of Contents
1) Biolography 02:07
2) Structure 04:53
3) The Decomposers 06:10
4) The Mutualists 06:38
5) The Predators 07:23
6) The Parasites 07:35
7) Reproduction 08:24

References
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/campbell/
http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Reference/Subjectareareference/?view=usa&ci=9780195367133
http://aftol.org/index.php
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus
http://live.psu.edu/story/59556
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/24/145731952/your-brain-on-psilocybin-might-be-less-depressed

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Is virginity real?: Sex Ed #6

Sat, 23 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Is virginity really a thing? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll bust virginity myths and learn why women have traditionally faced stronger pressure to remain virgins. We’ll explore the ways social scripts guide what we think about sex—but aren’t the final word on how we live our lives.

Introduction: Like a Virgin 00:00
The History of Virginity 0:59
The Hymen 2:17
Culture & Sexual Scripts 4:10
Impacts of Sexual Scripts 5:43
Write Your Own Story 8:17
Review & Credits 8:57

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/sex/virginity
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22718-hymen
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/962-5-myths-about-virginity-busted

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War: Crash Course World History #39

Sat, 23 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War, which was occasionally hot, but on average, it was just cool. In the sense of its temperature. It was by no means cool, man. After World War II, there were basically two big geopolitical powers left to divide up the world. And divide they did. The United States and the Soviet Union divvied up Europe in the aftermath of the war and then proceeded to spend the next 45 years fighting over the rest of the world. It was a great ideological struggle, with the US on the side of capitalism and profit, and the USSR pushing Communism, so-called. While both sides presented themselves as the good guy in this situation, the COLD reality is that there are no good guys. Both parties to the Cold War engaged in forcible regime changes, built up vast nuclear arsenals, and basically got up to dirty tricks. If you had to pick a bad guy though, we would point out that the USSR had no intention of bringing Laika the Cosmonaut Dog home alive. That poor dog never had a shot.

Thanks to Raoul Meyer for the YUGOGAL photo.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Cold War 00:00
The conflict between the USA and USSR 0:51
Soviet Sphere of Influence post-WWII 2:00
An Open Letter to Joseph Stalin 3:00
The Marshall Plan, the Berlin Wall, and NATO 4:04
The Nuclear Arms Race 5:16
The Hot Parts of the Cold War 6:00
The Lukewarm Parts of the Cold War 7:10
First-World, Second-World, and Third-World Divisions 7:46
The Failures of Soviet Socialism 9:06
The End of the Cold War 9:27
Credits 11:44

Want to learn more about the Cold War? Check out these other Crash Course videos:
The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0
The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0
George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War: Crash Course US History #44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-K19rVDxoM
The Cold War and Consumerism: Crash Course Computer Science #24
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8i38Yq1wX4
Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rkIqtV07HE

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Getting real about STIs: Sex Ed #7

Sat, 23 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Where there’s sex, there’s the possibility for STIs. In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we unpack the most common sexually transmitted infections and how to prevent and treat them. Turns out, sexual responsibility is a lot easier than you think.

Introduction: Not the End of the World 00:00
What's an STI? 0:27
Bacterial STIs & Barrier Methods 1:14
Viral STIs 4:02
HIV 6:04
Review & Credits 8:52

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-southern-new-england/patient-resources/our-services/doxypep
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/can-i-get-an-std-from-kissing
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/1097-let-s-talk-about-safer-sex

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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The Plants and The Bees: Plant Reproduction - CrashCourse Biology #38

Fri, 22 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot different compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) do it.

Table of Contents
1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:55
2) Ferns 02:14
3) Gymnosperms 03:35
4) Angiosperms 05:33
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28

References:
http://www.home.aone.net.au/~byzantium/ferns/about.html
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/gymno.htm
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/plants/5/lcp5_5a.html
http://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/gymnosperms.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AykzPemLs7Q&feature=relmfu
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/flower2.html

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Crash Course Native American History Preview

Fri, 22 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Welcome to Crash Course Native American History! Over the next 24 episodes, Che Jim will introduce you to the deep, ongoing history of the Indigenous peoples who’ve called these lands home from time immemorial to today.

Course Description:
Over the course of 24 episodes, we’re going to learn about Native American history. Host Che Jim will teach you about the deep, ongoing history of Native peoples in what’s now known as the United States—from time immemorial to the Land Back movement.

This content was developed with a team of Indigenous experts, and based on an introductory college-level curriculum. By the end of this course you should be able to:
- Analyze the political and legal relationship between Native nations and the U.S. government
- Develop an informed perspective on distinct Native cultures’ traditions, practices, and worldview
- Draw connections between the past and present, in the continued existence and experiences of Native individuals and Native nations
- Highlight key figures in Native American history and illustrate their achievements and contributions

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Birth Control Explained: Sex Ed #8

Fri, 22 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

There are so many different types of contraception to choose from. So…where do you start? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the complicated history of birth control and many of the options available today—plus, why we still don’t have a male pill.

Introduction: The Contraception Game 00:00
Egg + Sperm 0:57
Natural Methods 1:40
Barrier Methods 2:49
Hormonal Methods 3:31
The History of Birth Control Pills 4:51
Toward a Male Birth Control Pill 6:46
Emergency Contraception 8:42
Permanent Birth Control 9:45
Review 10:31
Condom Demonstration 10:58

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/birth-control

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Vascular Plants = Winning! - Crash Course Biology #37

Thu, 21 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was an evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.

Table of Contents
1) 3 Tissue Types 02:37
2) Primary Growth 03:04
3) Secondary Growth 03:28
4) Dermal Tissue 04:47
a) Epidermis 04:54
5) Parenchyma Cells 05:39
6) Vascular Tissue 05:58
7) Xylem 05:58
8) Collenchyma 07:10
9) Sclerenchyma 07:35
10) Ground Tissue 08:25
a) Mesophyll 08:17
b) Photosynthesis 08:47
11) Phloem 09:54

References
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect17.htm
http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700071982/Central-Utahs-Pando-worlds-largest-living-thing-is-threatened-scientists-say.html?pg=all
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/200000-year-old-patch-seagrass-worlds-oldest-living-organism

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Introduction to Native American History: Ep 1 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 21 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Native American history didn’t begin in 1492, and it didn’t end in 1900. It stretches back thousands and thousands of years and extends into the present – and the future – of the United States. In our first episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore why and how we plan to tell this history.

Introduction: A Winter Count 00:00
Scope of the Series 0:53
Terminology 1:46
Settler-Colonialism 5:04
Race & Native Identity 7:28
Why Native American History Matters 9:16
Review & Credits 11:42

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Quinn Harden, oranjeez, Forrest Langseth, UwU, Leah H., Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Laurel Stevens, Stephen Akuffo, Samantha, Krystle Young, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Matt Curls, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jennifer Killen, team dorsey, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Eric Koslow, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, Siobhán, Constance Urist, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Joseph Ruf
__

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Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions: Crash Course World History #37

Thu, 21 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about China's Revolutions. While the rest of the world was off having a couple of World Wars, China was busily uprooting the dynastic system that had ruled there for millennia. Most revolutions have some degree of tumult associated with them, but China's 20th-century revolutions were REALLY disruptive. In 1911 and 1912, Chinese nationalists brought 3000 years of dynastic rule to an end. China plunged into chaos as warlords staked out regions of the country for themselves. The nationalists and communists joined forces briefly to bring the nation back together under the Chinese Republic, and then they quickly split and started fighting the Chinese Civil War. The fight between nationalists and communists went on for decades and was interrupted by an alliance to fight the invading Japanese during World War II. After World War II ended, the Chinese Civil War was back on. Mao and the communists were ultimately victorious, and Chiang Kai-Shek ended up in Taiwan. And then it got weird. Mao spent years repeatedly trying to purify the Communist Party and build up the new People's Republic of China with Rectifications, Anti Campaigns, Five Year Plans. the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. These had mixed results, to say the least. John will cover all this and more in this week's Crash Course World History.

Chapters:
Introduction: China's Revolutions 00:00
Calls for Reform in China 0:58
An Open Letter to Sun Yat Sen 1:33
Overthrowing the Qing Dynasty 2:38
The Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party 3:44
Mao Establishes the People's Republic of China 6:09
China's Soviet-inspired Five Year Plans 8:11
China's Cultural Revolution 9:52
Credits 11:30

Resources:
The Search for Modern China by Jonathan D. Spence https://bit.ly/3rLxlCL
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution by Ma Bo https://bit.ly/3EjstK4

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Pregnancy and Childbirth: Sex Ed #9

Thu, 21 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Most sex ed tells you how not to get pregnant… but what if you want to? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll traverse the complex journey of getting pregnant, being pregnant, and going through childbirth—with all the strange symptoms and fascinating science that entails.

Introduction: Want to Get Pregnant? 00:00
Getting Pregnant 0:39
Infertility & Pregnancy Loss 1:18
Being Pregnant 2:50
Giving Birth 5:45
The Fourth Trimester 8:18
Review & Credits 9:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9676-labor-delivery

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Quinn Harden, oranjeez, Forrest Langseth, UwU, Leah H., Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Laurel Stevens, Stephen Akuffo, Samantha, Krystle Young, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Matt Curls, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jennifer Killen, team dorsey, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Eric Koslow, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, Siobhán, Constance Urist, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Joseph Ruf
__

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The Reproductive Lives of Nonvascular Plants: Alternation of Generations - Crash Course Biology #36

Wed, 20 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank introduces us to nonvascular plants - liverworts, hornworts & mosses - which have bizarre features, kooky habits, and strange sex lives. Nonvascular plants inherited their reproductive cycle from algae, but have perfected it to the point where it is now used by all plants in one way or another and has even left traces in our own reproductive systems.

Table of Contents
1) Key Traits of Nonvascular Plants 01:42
2) 3 Phyla of Bryophytes 02:52
3) Alternation of Generations 04:33
a) Gametophyte Generation 05:04
b) Sporophyte Generation 05:25
c) In Vascular Plants 07:48

References:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0604_wirealgae.html
http://kidsresearchexpress.blogspot.com/2008/07/alternation-of-generations.html
http://facultyweb.wcjc.edu/biology/BIOL1407/Lab%20Handouts/Lab_4_land_plants_I.pdf
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/moss.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/altgen_new.html

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Tribal Sovereignty Explained: Ep 2 of Crash Course Native American History

Wed, 20 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What is tribal sovereignty? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore how tribes can and can’t govern themselves, and why sovereignty isn’t something the U.S. ever gave to tribes — it’s an inherent right they already had.

Introduction: The Chinook 00:00
What is tribal sovereignty? 0:42
Tribal sovereignty in the US 1:57
Plenary power 3:23
The benefits of tribal sovereignty 5:39
The limitations of tribal sovereignty 8:16
Review & Credits 9:59

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Quinn Harden, oranjeez, Forrest Langseth, UwU, Leah H., Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Laurel Stevens, Stephen Akuffo, Samantha, Krystle Young, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Matt Curls, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jennifer Killen, team dorsey, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Eric Koslow, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, Siobhán, Constance Urist, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Joseph Ruf
__

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Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36

Wed, 20 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the war that was supposed to end all wars. Instead, it solved nothing and set the stage for the world to be back at war just a couple of decades later. As an added bonus, World War I changed the way people look at the world, and normalized cynicism and irony. John will teach you how the assassination of an Austrian Archduke kicked off a new kind of war that involved more nations and more people than any war that came before. New technology like machine guns, airplanes, tanks, and poison gas made killing more efficient than ever. Trench warfare and modern weapons led to battles in which tens of thousands of soldiers were killed in a day, with no ground gained for either side. World War I washed away the last vestiges of 19th-century Romanticism and paved the way for the 20th-century modernism that we all know and find to be cold and off-putting. While there may not be much upside to WWI, at least it inspired George M. Cohan to write the awesome song, "Over There."

Chapters:
Introduction: The Great War 00:00
Causes of World War I 0:45
Who is to blame for starting WWI? 2:17
Trench Warfare 3:11
Combatants From Around the World 3:42
Casualties of World War I 4:05
Soldiers' Sentiments During the WWI 5:35
An Open Letter to Alcohol 7:37
Outcomes of WWI 8:24
Credits 11:07

Resources:
Over There by George M. Cohan, performed by Bill Murray: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28
The Guns of August by Barbara Tuchman: https://bit.ly/37lYqoK

Interested in learning more? Check out these other Crash Course videos about WWI:
How World War I Started: Crash Course World History #209: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd2ch4XV84s
Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History #210: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pFCpKtwCkI
America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg
The Roads to World War I: Crash Course European History #32: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGlmlSTn-eM
World War I Battlefields: Crash Course European History #33: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIiDULrXaqQ
WWI's Civilians, the Homefront, and an Uneasy Peace: Crash Course European History #34: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPXNZkGYJHM
Post-World War I Recovery: Crash Course European History #36: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzWL2XPBHMk

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Understanding Abortion: Sex Ed #10

Wed, 20 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Abortion is complicated. In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll cover what happens during abortions, why people get them, and what people actually think about the topic.

Introduction: Abortion Is Complex 00:00
What Is Abortion? 0:28
Is Abortion Safe? 2:22
Who Gets Abortions? 2:49
Why Do People Get Abortions? 3:27
What Do People Think About Abortion? 6:12
Review & Credits 8:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/pregnancy_options/abortion

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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Old and Odd: Archaea, Bacteria and Protists - CrashCourse Biology #35

Tue, 19 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth and are our oldest, oddest relatives.

References:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/prokeuk.htm
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_00/gandg_quickswitch_3_24.shtml
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm
:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/basalprotists.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/testaceafilosea.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/alveolates.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html

Table of Contents
1) Archaea 03:23
a) Methanogens 04:02
b) Extremophiles 04:24

2) Bacteria 05:24:2
3) Gram Positive 06:50
a) Proteobacteria 07:15
b) Cyanobacteria 07:30
c) Spirochetes 07:42
d) Chlamydias 07:52

4) Protists 08:12
a) Protozoa 09:03
b) Algae 09:54
c) Slime Molds 11:13

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What is consent?: Sex Ed #11

Tue, 19 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Consent seems as simple as “yes” or “no” — but is it? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll explore how affirmative consent reframed the conversation, why context matters, and the importance of checking in with your partner — and yourself!

Introduction: Just a Yes or No? 00:00
No Means No 0:30
Affirmative Consent 1:25
Sexual Scripts 4:22
Alcohol & Consent 5:54
Consent is Sexy 7:21
Review & Credits 8:33

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/relationships/sexual-consent
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/sex-and-relationships/boundaries-and-consent

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35

Tue, 19 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the "sun never set on the British Empire." Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th-century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called "primitive" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Opium in China 0:23
The Treaty of Nanjing and British Control of Hong Kong 2:38
The Scramble for Africa 3:22
Why Europeans Previously Failed to Conquer Africa 4:39
How Technology Enabled European Colonization of Africa 5:41
An Open Letter to Hiram Maxim 6:22
African Resistance to European Invasion 7:16
European Domination Through Indirect Rule 8:16
Why Native Rulers Cooperated with Indirect Rule 9:52
Native Resistance to Imperialism Around the World 10:26
Khedive Ismail of Egypt & Business Imperialism 11:21
Credits 12:54

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Myths and Misconceptions About Native Americans: Ep 3 of Crash Course Native American History

Tue, 19 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

From sports mascots to “the First Thanksgiving,” bland representations of Native Americans are everywhere. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll tackle common myths and misconceptions about Native people and uncover the truth behind tribal casinos, government handouts, and more.

Introduction: Super Bowl XXVI 00:00
"The First Thanksgiving" 0:38
Westerns & Native Invisibility 4:20
Native Mascots 5:28
Casinos & Government Handouts 8:26
Review & Credits 11:13

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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The Reproductive System: How Gonads Go - CrashCourse Biology #34

Mon, 18 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?

Table of Contents
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:27
2) Sex Determination 4:59
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:48
4) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25
a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40
b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57
c) Cervix & Vagina 8:32
5) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59
b) Penis 9:37
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13

References
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5385/1979
http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559814/)
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.

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What Makes Someone Native American?: Ep 4 of Crash Course Native American History

Mon, 18 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What makes a Native American? Is it the way a person looks, their family history, or something else? In this episode of Crash Course Native American history, we dive into the ways people define and reclaim tribal identity, from blood quantums and federal recognition to language and more.

Introduction: "Looking" Native 00:00
The History of Native Identity 0:45
Language & Identity 3:31
The Dawes Rolls 6:20
Blood Quantum 7:17
Federal Recognition 9:43
Review & Credits 10:52

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism: Crash Course World History #34

Mon, 18 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about Nationalism. Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. Nationalist leaders changed the way people thought of themselves and the places they lived by reinventing education, military service, and the relationship between government and governed. In Japan, the traditional feudal society underwent a long transformation over the course of about 300 years to become a modern nation-state. John follows the course of Japanese history from the emergence of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the Meiji Restoration and covers Nationalism in many other countries along the way. All this, plus a special guest appearance, plus the return of an old friend on an extra-special episode of Crash Course.

Chapters:
Introduction: Nationalism 00:00
Nationalism Around the World 0:49
The Modern Nation-State 1:52
The Tokugawa Bakufu of Japan 4:59
The Meiji Era and Japanese Nationalism 7:43
An Open Letter to Public Education 9:19
The Dark Side of Nationalism 10:28
Credits 11:18

Resources:
A Modern History of Japan by Andrew Gordon https://bit.ly/3Ocfxu0
Giving Up the Gun by Noel Perrin https://bit.ly/37JFQqA

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Let's talk about porn literacy: Sex Ed #12

Mon, 18 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Like it or not, porn exists. In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we unpack the pros and cons of pornography, its long and storied history, and how to engage with it critically and safely.

Our friends at asapSCIENCE just published a great video about the effects of porn on your brain- check it out here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Urgf5zoJNzU

Introduction: Porn Is Everywhere 00:00
What Is Porn? 0:28
The History of Porn 1:46
Benefits of Porn 2:57
Downsides of Porn 3:33
Porn Research 5:48
Sexual Literacy 6:49
Review & Credits 8:47

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/sex/porn

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Great Glands - Your Endocrine System: CrashCourse Biology #33

Sun, 17 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands that produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.

References:
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.html
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540080
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9807636
http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(98)00169-3/abstract

Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2

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Why Land Matters to Native Americans: Ep 5 of Crash Course Native American History

Sun, 17 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What do we mean when we say that Native Americans have a strong connection to the land? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore how Native peoples’ long, deep history on their homelands informs their culture, languages, and identity to this day.

Introduction: Deep Connections 00:00
Native Views of Land 0:39
Land-based Traditions 2:15
Land & Language 3:10
The Native-Land Relationship 4:53
Settler Colonialism 7:09
Land Reclamation 8:14
Review & Credits 9:32

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Capitalism and Socialism: Crash Course World History #33

Sun, 17 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about capitalism and socialism in a way that is sure to please commenters from both sides of the debate. Learn how capitalism arose from the industrial revolution, and then gave rise to socialism. Learn about how we got from the British East India Company to iPhones and consumer culture in just a couple of hundred years. Stops along the way include the rise of industrial capitalism, mass production, disgruntled workers, Karl Marx, and the Socialist Beard. The socialist reactions to the ills of capitalism are covered as well, and John discusses some of the ideas of Karl Marx, and how they've been implemented or ignored in various socialist states. Plus, there are robots!

Chapters:
Introduction: Capitalism 00:00
What is Industrial Capitalism? 0:59
How did Industrial Capitalism begin? 3:04
Capitalism Increased Productivity 4:51
Capitalism as a Cultural System 5:41
Criticisms of Capitalism 7:12
Socialism 7:59
An Open Letter to Karl Marx's Beard 9:12
Karl Marx's Ideology 10:23
Socialism vs. Industrial Capitalism Today 12:14
Credits 13:14

Resources:
The Relentless Revolution by Joyce Appelby: https://bit.ly/3OlIBPV
The Marx-Engels Reader: https://bit.ly/3M8o4fL

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What to know about orgasms: Sex Ed #13

Sun, 17 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Why and how do we orgasm? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll break down “the Big O”—its physical aspects, gendered expectations, and misconceptions. Plus, a fun cameo from a penis-camera.

Introduction: The Big O 00:00
Orgasms & Erogenous Zones 0:46
Masters & Johnson 2:55
The Dual Control Model 4:20
The Orgasm Gap 5:46
Review & Credits 8:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-pleasure-and-sexual-dysfunction/sex-and-pleasure
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9119-sexual-response-cycle

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer - Crash Course Biology #32

Sat, 16 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45

2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57

3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units18to20/blood/white.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj

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What Do Native Cultures Have in Common?: Ep 6 of Crash Course Native American History

Sat, 16 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Just like everyone, all Native Americans are unique. But what do they have in common? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore similarities in Native worldviews, from harvest traditions to humor.

Introduction: Native Toys 00:00
Native Humor 1:05
Representing Native Humor 3:52
Reciprocity 5:37
Generosity 8:49
Review & Credits 10:06

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32

Sat, 16 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution. While very few leaders were beheaded in the course of this one, it changed the lives of more people more dramatically than any of the political revolutions we've discussed. So, why did the Industrial Revolution happen around 1750 in the United Kingdom? Coal. Easily accessible coal, it turns out. All this, plus you'll finally learn the difference between James Watt and Thomas Newcomen, and will never again be caught telling people that your blender has a 900 Newcomen motor.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Industrial Revolution 00:00
What Was the Industrial Revolution? 1:48
Innovations in the British Textile Industry 2:38
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Europe? 4:08
An Open Letter to the Steam Engine 4:57
What was going on in China during the Industrial Revolution? 5:35
European Advantages: High Wages and Low Fuel Costs 7:03
What was going on in India during the Industrial Revolution? 9:28
Credits 10:29

Learn more about the Industrial Revolution in these Crash Course videos:
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjK7PWmRRyg
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCpqN7GmLYk

Check out a free collection of kahoots based on this video here: https://create.kahoot.it/course/c3156863-2667-40bd-b4c7-e508522aa0d4

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Unpacking masturbation: Sex Ed #14

Sat, 16 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

If almost everybody masturbates, why can’t we talk about it? In this myth-busting episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the history of how masturbation became taboo, the person who made sex toys better for everyone, and the ways masturbation can actually be good for you.

Introduction: Masturbation Is Normal 00:00
Who Masturbates? 0:28
Gosnell Duncan & Sex Toys 1:22
Benefits of Masturbation 2:48
Masturbation Myths 4:37
Review & Credits 7:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-pleasure-and-sexual-dysfunction/masturbation
***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Big Guns: The Muscular System - CrashCourse Biology #31

Fri, 15 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.

Table of Contents
1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:09
2) Muscle Anatomy 02:03
a) Muscle Fibers 03:07
b) Myofibrils 04:15:1
c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1
d) Myofilaments 04:37:2
3) Biolography 05:37:1
4) Sliding Filament Model 07:47

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What is kink?: Sex Ed #15

Fri, 15 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What does it mean to be kinky? In our final episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll learn that some “unusual” sexual desires are actually pretty common. We’ll talk about the differences between kinks, fetishes, and paraphilias, and the subjective nature of what’s “normal.”

Introduction: Is This Normal? 00:00
Kinks 0:40
Why Are People Kinky? 1:59
Fetishes 2:46
BDSM 3:39
Paraphilias 5:23
Review & Credits 6:36

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Besider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/1437-how-to-respond-when-your-partner-shares-a-kink-with-you

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31

Fri, 15 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green talks about the many revolutions of Latin America in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the control of Spain and Portugal. The revolutionary zeal that had recently created the United States and had taken off Louis XVI's head in France arrived in South America, and a racially diverse group of people who felt more South American than European took over. John covers the soft revolution of Brazil, in which Prince Pedro boldly seized power from his father, but promised to give it back if King João ever returned to Brazil. He also covers the decidedly more violent revolutions in Mexico, Venezuela, and Argentina. Watch the video to see Simón Bolívar's dream of a United South America crushed, even as he manages to liberate a bunch of countries and get two currencies and about a thousand schools and parks named after him.

Chapters:
Introduction: Latin American Revolutions 00:00
Spheres of Influence: Spain, the Catholic Church, and the Patriarchy 0:37
Latin American Culture 2:12
Brazilian Independence 3:29
Mexican Independence 5:31
Venezuelan Independence 7:59
An Open Letter to Simón Bolívar 9:15
The Legacy of the Latin American Revolutions 10:25
Credits 12:49

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The Real Impacts of Archaeology on Native Americans: Ep 7 of Crash Course Native American History

Fri, 15 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Archaeology and anthropology are amazingly interesting fields, but they also have a legacy of dehumanizing and mistreating Native peoples. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll uncover the dark history of Native grave robbing, explore the ways these fields are righting past wrongs, and discover the story of one Inuk’s journey to honor his late father.

Introduction: Minik's Story 00:00
Anthropology & Archaeology 0:45
Native Grave Robbing 1:32
The Death of Qisuk 4:09
Changing Legislation 5:26
Decolonized Archaeology & Anthropology 8:23
Review & Credits 10:21

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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The Skeletal System: It's ALIVE! - CrashCourse Biology #30

Thu, 14 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank introduces us to the framework of our bodies, our skeleton, which apart from being the support and protection for all our fleshy parts, is involved in many other vital processes that help our bodies to function properly.

Table of Contents
1) Endoskeleton 2:03
2) Biolography 3:27
3) New Bone Formation 6:36
4) Bone Structure 8:00
5) Bone Remodeling 9:48

References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/animals/07-Arthropods.htm
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/Size.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308163
http://www.shwachmandiamondamerica.org/blood_and_Marrow.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001285/l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius
http://projectskeletal.tripod.com/Scientists.htm

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Introduction to Indigenous Knowledge : Ep 8 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 14 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

The scientific method isn’t the only way to gain knowledge—Native people have been learning and innovating in their own ways for millennia. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll discover the ways Western science and Indigenous knowledge can braid together to create a better world.

Introduction: Trees Talk 00:00
Ways of Knowing 0:42
Medicine Wheels 2:18
Native Innovations 3:27
Braiding Knowledge 4:49
Native Ecology 6:32
Review & Credits 7:49

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Quinn Harden, SpaceRangerWes, Roger Harms, David Fanska, EllenBryn, Leah H., Gina Mancuso, Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Johnathan Williams, Michael Maher, Shruti S, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Rie Ohta, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, oranjeez, Dalton Williams, Allison Wood, Jason Terpstra, Andrew Woods, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Katrix , UwU, Chelsea S, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, Forrest Langseth, Elizabeth LaBelle, Reed Spilmann, Thomas Sully, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Robby Nevels, Kevin Knupp, Ken Davidian, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Scott Harrison, Bernardo Garza, Nathan Taylor, Rizwan Kassim, Breanna Bosso, Steve Segreto, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Duncan W Moore IV, Jason Rostoker, Samantha, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Matt Curls, ClareG, Trevin Beattie, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Jennifer Killen, Eric Koslow, Alan Bridgeman, Ken Penttinen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Triad Terrace, Emily T, Pietro Gagliardi, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Stephen Akuffo, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, team dorsey, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, Erminio Di Lodovico, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Ian Dundore
__

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Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30

Thu, 14 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

Ideas like liberty, freedom, and self-determination were hot stuff in the late 18th century, as evidenced by our recent revolutionary videos. Although freedom was breaking out all over, many of the societies that were touting these ideas relied on slave labor. Few places in the world relied so heavily on slave labor as Saint-Domingue, France's most profitable colony. Slaves made up nearly 90% of Saint-Domingue's population, and in 1789 they couldn't help but hear about the revolution underway in France. All the talk of liberty, equality, and fraternity sounded pretty good to a person in bondage, and so the slaves rebelled. This led to not one but two revolutions and ended up with France, the rebels, Britain, and Spain all fighting in the territory. Spoiler alert: the slaves won. So how did the slaves of what would become Haiti throw off the yoke of one of the world's great empires? John Green tells how they did it, and what it has meant in Haiti and in the rest of the world.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Haitian Revolution 00:00
The Saint-Domingue Colony 0:30
Slavery in Haiti 3:08
Radical Petit Blancs 4:24
Toussaint L'ouverture Leads Saint-Domingue to Independence 5:37
Revolution Part 2: France Returns 7:45
An Open Letter to Disease 9:10
Haiti Gains Independence 10:13
Why the Haitian Revolutions Matter 10:58
Credits 11:49

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What are the Fish Wars and Why Do They Matter?: Ep 9 of Crash Course Native American History

Thu, 14 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

What does food sovereignty mean—and why does it matter? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore how Native peoples’ deep ties to their traditional foods splintered under colonization, and why many Native people are fighting to keep those foods in their communities or bring them back.

Introduction: Billy Frank Jr. 00:00
Traditional Foods 01:00
Food & Colonization 02:46
The Fish Wars 04:36
Frybread & Food Sovereignty 06:55
Food Sovereignty Today 08:27
Review & Credits 09:27

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Quinn Harden, SpaceRangerWes, Roger Harms, David Fanska, EllenBryn, Leah H., Gina Mancuso, Emily Beazley, Brandon Thomas, Johnathan Williams, Michael Maher, Shruti S, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Rie Ohta, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, oranjeez, Dalton Williams, Allison Wood, Jason Terpstra, Andrew Woods, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Katrix , UwU, Chelsea S, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, Forrest Langseth, Elizabeth LaBelle, Reed Spilmann, Thomas Sully, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Robby Nevels, Kevin Knupp, Ken Davidian, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Scott Harrison, Bernardo Garza, Nathan Taylor, Rizwan Kassim, Breanna Bosso, Steve Segreto, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Duncan W Moore IV, Jason Rostoker, Samantha, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Matt Curls, ClareG, Trevin Beattie, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Jennifer Killen, Eric Koslow, Alan Bridgeman, Ken Penttinen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Triad Terrace, Emily T, Pietro Gagliardi, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Stephen Akuffo, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, team dorsey, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, Erminio Di Lodovico, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Ian Dundore
__

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The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet - CrashCourse Biology #29

Wed, 13 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank takes us on a fascinating journey through our excretory system to learn how our kidneys make pee.

References
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookexcret.html
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-kidney-and-nephron
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.

Table of Contents
1) Homeostasis & Osmoregulation 00:00
2) Urea & Uric Acid 01:30
3) Kidneys 02:49
4) Nephron 03:40
5) Glomerulus 4:15
6) Bowman's Capsule 04:25
7) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 04:49
8) Biolography 06:16
9) Loop of Henle 07:36
10) Distal Convoluted Tubule 09:23
11) Collecting Ducts 09:57
12) Ureters, Bladder & Urethra 10:45

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The Truth About Columbus’s “First Contact”: Ep 10 of Crash Course Native American History

Wed, 13 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…and drastically changed the lives of Native Americans forever. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll unpack misconceptions around first contact between Europeans and Natives and explore how Native peoples are still resisting colonialism today.

Introduction: The Taíno 00:00
First Contact 0:46
The Doctrine of Discovery 3:16
"Virgin Soil" Epidemics 4:40
The California Genocide 6:00
Native Resistance 6:46
The Taíno Today 9:17
Review & Credits 11:21

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
AThirstyPhilosopher ., Leah H., Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Roger Harms, Quinn Harden, Dalton Williams, Michael Maher, Allison Wood, Katrix , Chelsea S, Rie Ohta, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Mitch Gresko, Katie Hoban, Reed Spilmann, EllenBryn, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, UwU, Kevin Knupp, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Jack Hart, Thomas Sully, Shruti S, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Ian Dundore, Eric Koslow, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Emily T, team dorsey, Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Barrett Nuzum, Samantha, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Toni Miles, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Matt Curls, Wai Jack Sin, Liz Wdow, Perry Joyce, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Constance Urist, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Tanner Hedrick, Jason Buster, Duncan W Moore IV, Les Aker, Jason Rostoker, John Lee, Laurel Stevens, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jennifer Killen, Krystle Young, Katie Dean, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff, Luke Sluder, Evol Hong
__

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The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29

Wed, 13 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green examines the French Revolution, and gets into how and why it differed from the American Revolution. Was it the serial authoritarian regimes? The guillotine? The Reign of Terror? All of this and more contributed to the French Revolution not being quite as revolutionary as it could have been. France endured multiple constitutions, the heads of heads of state literally rolled, and then they ended up with a megalomaniacal little emperor by the name of Napoleon. But how did all of this change the world, and how did it lead to other, more successful revolutions around the world? Watch this video and find out. Spoiler alert: Marie Antoinette never said, "Let them eat cake." Sorry.

Chapters:
Introduction: The French Revolution 00:00
The French Declare Bankruptcy 0:41
Ancien Régime, Estates General, and the National Assembly 2:05
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 3:16
Louis XVI, Marie Antionette, and the Women's March 4:00
The Jacobins 4:43
Austria and Prussia Intervene 5:35
An Open Letter to the Guillotine 6:48
Guillotines Galore 7:35
Napoleon Bonaparte 8:23
How Revolutionary was the French Revolution? 9:44
Credits 11:22

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From the Trail of Tears to Wounded Knee: Ep 11 of Crash Course Native American History

Wed, 13 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

It’s time for the Eras Tour… well, the colonialism version. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll unpack the history of the Treaty Era and the Reservation Era, and all the broken promises and ripple effects that came with them.

Introduction: Wounded Knee Protest 00:00
The Treaty Era 0:40
The Reservation Era 1:28
Manhattan & the Lenape 2:13
The American Revolution 3:44
Removal 4:50
The Trail of Tears 6:06
The End of the Treaty Era 7:08
Wounded Knee 8:18
Review & Credits 10:07

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
AThirstyPhilosopher ., Leah H., Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Roger Harms, Quinn Harden, Dalton Williams, Michael Maher, Allison Wood, Katrix , Chelsea S, Rie Ohta, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Mitch Gresko, Katie Hoban, Reed Spilmann, EllenBryn, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, UwU, Kevin Knupp, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Jack Hart, Thomas Sully, Shruti S, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Ian Dundore, Eric Koslow, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Emily T, team dorsey, Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Barrett Nuzum, Samantha, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Toni Miles, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Matt Curls, Wai Jack Sin, Liz Wdow, Perry Joyce, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Constance Urist, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Tanner Hedrick, Jason Buster, Duncan W Moore IV, Les Aker, Jason Rostoker, John Lee, Laurel Stevens, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jennifer Killen, Krystle Young, Katie Dean, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff, Luke Sluder, Evol Hong
__

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The Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28

Tue, 12 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank takes us through the bowels of the human digestive system and explains why it's all about surface area.

Table of Contents
1) Surface Area to the Max! 3:21
2) Mouth to Esophagus 5:23
3) Stomach 6:38
4) Small Intestine 7:55
5) Large Intestine 9:44

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071008102334.htm

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The History of America’s Indian Boarding Schools: Ep 12 of Crash Course Native American History

Tue, 12 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

What did it mean to “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll learn about assimilation and allotment: a period where the U.S. government tried to eliminate Native Americans by erasing their culture, their way of life, and their claim over the land.

Introduction: Biden's Apology 00:00
Assimilation 0:56
Native Boarding Schools 2:37
Allotment 4:44
Effects of Assimilation & Allotment 8:32
Review & Credits 9:51

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
AThirstyPhilosopher ., Leah H., Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Roger Harms, Quinn Harden, Dalton Williams, Michael Maher, Allison Wood, Katrix , Chelsea S, Rie Ohta, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Mitch Gresko, Katie Hoban, Reed Spilmann, EllenBryn, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, UwU, Kevin Knupp, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Jack Hart, Thomas Sully, Shruti S, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Ian Dundore, Eric Koslow, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Emily T, team dorsey, Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Barrett Nuzum, Samantha, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Toni Miles, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Matt Curls, Wai Jack Sin, Liz Wdow, Perry Joyce, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Constance Urist, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Tanner Hedrick, Jason Buster, Duncan W Moore IV, Les Aker, Jason Rostoker, John Lee, Laurel Stevens, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jennifer Killen, Krystle Young, Katie Dean, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff, Luke Sluder, Evol Hong
__

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Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: Crash Course World History #28

Tue, 12 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years' War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict. (hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from rich white guys and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys.

Chapters:
Introduction: The American Revolution 00:00
Tensions Rising: The Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Boston Massacre 0:52
An Open Letter to Tea 2:25
How Colonists Protested Unfair Taxation 3:10
British Loyalists & Sympathizers 5:02
Revolutionary Ideas: No Taxation 5:54
All Men are Created Equal? 7:07
The Enlightenment 7:58
Changes After the American Revolution 9:16
Credits 10:52

Learn more about the American Revolution in these other Crash Course videos:
Taxes & Smuggling - Prelude to Revolution: Crash Course US History #6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc
Who Won the American Revolution?: Crash Course US History #7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EiSymRrKI4
The American Revolution: Crash Course Black American History #8: https://youtu.be/y75yPx9WKHY

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The Indian Reorganization Act Explained: Ep 13 of Crash Course Native American History

Tue, 12 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

Something big happened in 1934—but whether it was good or bad depends on who you ask. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll unpack the ins and outs of the Indian Reorganization Act, the first piece of legislation that tried to right the wrongs of the U.S. government against Native Americans, and its ninety-year-long legacy.

Introduction: The Navajo's Livestock 00:00
The Meriam Report 0:52
The Indian Reorganization Act 3:21
The Ute Tribes of Colorado 6:08
Downsides of the IRA 7:34
The IRA Today 9:22
Review & Credits 10:42

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Allison Wood, UwU, oranjeez, Leah H., David Fanska, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Hoban, Roger Harms, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Reed Spilmann, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, DexcilaDou, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Toni Miles, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Siobhán, Alan Bridgeman, team dorsey, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Jason Buster, Jennifer Killen, Wai Jack Sin, Les Aker, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Katie Dean, Nathan Taylor, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Matt Curls, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Eric Koslow, Scott Harrison, ClareG, Samantha, Ian Dundore, Kristina D Knight, Ken Davidian, Perry Joyce, Jason Rostoker, Bernardo Garza, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Liz Wdow, Pietro Gagliardi, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Stephen Akuffo, Duncan W Moore IV, Breanna Bosso, Tanner Hedrick, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder
__

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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems - CrashCourse Biology #27

Mon, 11 May 2026 23:03:00 -0000

Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.

Table of Contents
1) Respiratory System 00:48
2) Simple Diffusion 00:55
3) Respiratory Anatomy 02:35
a) Trachea to Capillaries 03:10
4) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm 04:37
5) Circulatory System 05:35
6) Circulatory Anatomy 05:54
a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds 06:50
b) Veins to Left Atrium 08:46
7) Endotherms & Ectotherms 09:20

References:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/circulatory-system-and-the-heart
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system
http://www.ideacenter.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/38ed8a0c6db7a4f1a37e405922c364bd/miscdocs/vertebratehearts.pdf

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"00559 deep breathing 1.wav" by Robinhood76

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The Termination Act Explained: Ep 14 of Crash Course Native American History

Mon, 11 May 2026 17:03:00 -0000

Termination and relocation might seem like totally unrelated policies—but they were part of the same disappearing act. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll learn how terminating federal recognition for more than a hundred Native nations while encouraging Native people to move to cities served the same goals.

Introduction: The Menominee 00:00
Historical Context 0:38
The Urban Indian Relocation Program 3:03
The Termination Act 3:56
Terminating the Menominee 5:10
Effects of Termination 6:03
Effects of Relocation 7:54
Restoring the Menominee 8:57
Review & Credits 10:58

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Allison Wood, UwU, oranjeez, Leah H., David Fanska, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Hoban, Roger Harms, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Reed Spilmann, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, DexcilaDou, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Toni Miles, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Siobhán, Alan Bridgeman, team dorsey, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Jason Buster, Jennifer Killen, Wai Jack Sin, Les Aker, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Katie Dean, Nathan Taylor, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Matt Curls, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Eric Koslow, Scott Harrison, ClareG, Samantha, Ian Dundore, Kristina D Knight, Ken Davidian, Perry Joyce, Jason Rostoker, Bernardo Garza, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Liz Wdow, Pietro Gagliardi, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Stephen Akuffo, Duncan W Moore IV, Breanna Bosso, Tanner Hedrick, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder
__

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The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook: Crash Course World History #27

Mon, 11 May 2026 11:03:00 -0000

In which John Green teaches you about the life and death of one of history's great explorers, Captain James Cook of the British Navy. He charted large swaths of the Pacific ocean, laid claim to Australia and New Zealand, and died a bizarre death in the Sandwich Islands, which are now called the Hawaiian Islands. Exactly how and why Captain Cook was killed in Hawaii is a long-running historical debate. John presents two interpretations of the event and talks about what the differing interpretations say about history. It turns out how the story is told depends on who is doing the storytelling, and people from different backgrounds can interpret events in very different ways. Also, there is a celebration and a mustache involved in this episode, so you definitely don't want to miss it.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Captain James Cook 0:33
An Open Letter to "The White Man's Burden" 2:44
Captain Cook's Controversial Death 3:40
Interpretations of Captain Cook's Death: Makahiki 4:19
Issues with the Ritual Death Story 5:19
How Cook Actually (Probably) Died 6:34
Why Did Cook's Ritual Death Myth Persist? 8:03
Credits 10:00

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The Native Civil Rights Movement: Ep 15 of Crash Course Native American History

Mon, 11 May 2026 05:03:00 -0000

We’re in our self-determination era! In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore the activism that led to the biggest change in modern federal Indian policy, and how it affects Native nations today.

Introduction: Alcatraz 00:00
Indians of All Tribes 0:36
The Self-determination Era 1:56
Effects of Self-determination 3:58
The Indian Child Welfare Act 6:37
Problems with Self-determination 7:23
Self-determination Today 8:55
Review & Credits 9:49

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Allison Wood, UwU, oranjeez, Leah H., David Fanska, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Hoban, Roger Harms, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Reed Spilmann, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, DexcilaDou, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Toni Miles, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Siobhán, Alan Bridgeman, team dorsey, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Jason Buster, Jennifer Killen, Wai Jack Sin, Les Aker, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Katie Dean, Nathan Taylor, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Matt Curls, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Eric Koslow, Scott Harrison, ClareG, Samantha, Ian Dundore, Kristina D Knight, Ken Davidian, Perry Joyce, Jason Rostoker, Bernardo Garza, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Liz Wdow, Pietro Gagliardi, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Stephen Akuffo, Duncan W Moore IV, Breanna Bosso, Tanner Hedrick, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder
__

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